DMK M KRUNANIDHI

DMK Patriarch M Karunanidhi, 5-Time Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, Dies At 94
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Note : For more than a year, Mr Karunanaidhi has been in and out of hospital while recovering from a long ailment. He lived a secluded life -- making no public appearance except occasional visits to his party office.

✔️ Here are some facts about DMK chief M Karunanidhi:
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▪️DMK President M Karunanidhi (94) on July 27 entered the 50th year as the party chief even as he is fighting age-related ailment at his home here. On July 27, 1969, Karunanidhi took over as the party President, after he became Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister on February 10, 1969, following the death of DMK founder C.N.Annadurai.

▪️Karunanidhi had the party in his strong grip despite presiding over two major splits and being out of power continuously between 1977-1898. It had been a long journey for Karunanidhi who was born into a poor Isai Vellalar family on June 3, 1924 in Thirukuvalai in Thanjavur district.

▪️He had been elected to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for a record 12 times as an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly).

▪️Originally named as Dakshinamurthy by his parents Muthuvel and Anjugam, he later changed it to Karunanidhi as it is a pure Tamil name without any Brahminical tinge.

▪️Starting his public life at the tender age of 14 at his native place, Karunanidhi was attracted by the ideologies of E.V.Ramasamy (also known as Periyar) the founder of Dravida Kazhagam (DK) organised the local youth as the reformist association.

▪️The five-times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Karunanidhi contested his first assembly elections in 1957 from Kulithali constituency successfully and ever since then he has not lost any one of the 13 elections he contested.

▪️Perceiving the popularity of movie hero and party leader M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) as the future threat to his chair, Karunanidhi started sidelining him and finally expelled him in 1972.

▪️MGR, raising the banner of corruption within the party, went on to float AIADMK to become the Chief Minister. Consigned to the opposition benches, DMK’s fortunes revived only in 1989 when it won handsomely assisted by the split in AIADMK with one faction led by its founder’s wife Janaki Ramachandran and the other by J.Jayalalithaa.

▪️Karunanidhi brought his sons – through his second wife M.K. Dayalu – M.K. Alagiri and M.K. Stalin – into the party. Later, Alagiri became Union Minister while Stalin was declared as the political heir. Karunanidhi also made Kanimozhi, his daughter from his third wife Rajathi, a Rajya Sabha member.

▪️Karunanidhi’s first film as a screenwriter was for the MGR starrer, Rajakumari, in 1947 while his last was Ponnar Shankar, starring Prashanth in 2011.

▪️Parasakthi the movie in which Sivaji Ganesan made his debut was written by Karunanidhi. The film was noted for its dialogues and it features the famous ‘Odinen Odinen’ dialogue. It was a film that acquired cult status in Tamil Cinema.

▪️Karunanidhi faced protests for his writings initially. Parasakthi faced controversies because of its portrayal of Hindu customs and practices in poor light. The then ruling State government even demanded the film be banned. Two of his plays were banned initially.

▪️He wrote the screenplay for the breakthrough films of both MGR, Sivaji Ganesan. Legend has it that Manthiri Kumari is the film which gave MGR his breakthrough. Similarly, Parasakthi was the film that gave Sivaji Ganesan his breakthrough. Both the films were written by Karunanidhi.

▪️The 1997 film Iruvar directed by Mani Ratnam featuring Mohan Lal, Prakash Raj, Aishwarya Rai and Tabu is based on his relationship with MG

▪️He wrote the screenplay for Ellis Dungan’s last film. Ellis Dungan is the American film director who is credited for revolutionising Tamil cinema. His last film was Manthiri Kumari.

▪️Karunanidhi was a screenwriter and playwright for Tamil cinema and theatre. His work helped him grow as a leader of the Dravidian movement.

1. Spain's Carolina Marin has won the women's singles title of World Badminton Championship by defeating P.V. Sindhu in Nanjing, China. 

- स्पेन की कैरोलिना मारिन ने चीन के नानजिंग में पी. वी. सिंधु को हराकर विश्व बैडमिंटन चैम्पियनशिप के महिला एकल का खिताब जीता है। 

2. Kento Momota became the first Japanese man to win the Badminton World Championships. He defeated China's Shi Yuqi by 21-11, 21-13 in the finals. 

- केंटो मोमोता विश्व बैडमिंटन चैंपियनिशप का खिताब जीतने वाले पहले जापानी पुरूष खिलाड़ी बने। उन्होंने फाइनल में चीन के शी युकी को 21-11, 21-13 से पराजित किया। 

3. Young paddler Swastika Ghosh claimed a bronze medal in the junior girls' doubles along with Singapore's Jingyi Zhou in the 2018 Hang Seng Hong Kong Junior and Cadet Open. 

- भारत की युवा टेबल टेनिस खिलाड़ी स्वास्तिका घोष और सिंगापुर की जिंगयी जोउ की जोड़ी ने हांग सेंग हांगकांग जूनियर एवं कैडेट ओपन 2018 में जूनियर लड़कियों के युगल वर्ग में कांस्य पदक हासिल किया। 

4. China has successfully tested its first cutting-edge hypersonic aircraft Xingkong-2. It could carry nuclear warheads and penetrate any current generation anti-missile defence systems. 

- चीन ने अपने पहले अत्याधुनिक सुपरसोनिक विमान शिंगकोंग-2 का सफलतापूर्वक परीक्षण किया। यह परमाणु आयुधों को ले जाने में और मौजूदा मिसाइल रोधी रक्षा प्रणालियों को भेदने में सक्षम है। 

5. Noted film producer and former chairman of Indian Film Chamber of Commerce M Bhakthavatsala died. He was 84. 

- जाने माने फिल्म निर्माता और इंडियन फिल्म चैंबर ऑफ कॉमर्स के पूर्व अध्यक्ष एम भक्तवत्सला का निधन हो गया। वह 84 वर्ष के थे। 

6. Escorts group Chairman Rajan Nanda passed away. He was 76. 

- एस्कॉर्ट्स समूह के चेयरमैन राजन नंदा का निधन हो गया। वह 76 वर्ष के थे। 

7. Alexander Zverev defeated Australia's De Minaur by 6-2, 6-4 to win ATP Washington Open title. 

- अलेक्जेंडर ज्वेरेव ने आस्ट्रेलिया के एलेक्स डि मिनोर को 6 . 2, 6 . 4 से हराकर एटीपी वाशिंगटन ओपन खिताब जीता। 

8. Haitian President Jovenel Moise has nominated Jean Henry Ceant as the next prime minister of the country. 

- हैती के राष्ट्रपति जोवेनेल मोइसे ने जीन हेनरी सिएंट को देश के अगले प्रधानमंत्री के रूप में नामित किया।

भारत के प्रमुख शोध-संस्थान&मुख्यालय

1. भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान
? –नई दिल्ली

2. भारतीय कृषि सांख्यिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान
? —नई दिल्ली

3. राष्ट्रीय पादप जैव प्रौद्यौगिकी अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—नई दिल्ली

4. राष्ट्रीय समन्वित कीट प्रबन्धन केन्द्र
?—-नई दिल्ली

5. राष्ट्रीय कृषि अर्थशास्त्र और नीति अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?——नई दिल्ली

6. राष्ट्रीय डेरी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-करनाल

7. केन्द्रीय मृदा लवणता अनुसंधान संस्थान
? —–करनाल

8. राष्ट्रीय याक अनुसंधान केन्द्र वेस्ट
?—-केमंग

9. केन्द्रीय मात्स्यिकी शिक्षा संस्थान
?——मुंबई

10. केन्द्रीय कपास प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?——-मुंबई

11. केन्द्रीय धान अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-कटक

12. विवेकानंद पर्वतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-अल्मोड़ा

13. भारतीय दलहन अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-++ कानपुर

14. केन्द्रीय तम्बाकू अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—- राजामुंद्री

15. भारतीय गन्ना अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—लखनऊ

16. केन्द्रीय उपोष्ण बागवानी संस्थान
?——लखनऊ

17. राष्ट्रीय नीबू वर्गीय अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—-नागपुर

18. केन्द्रीय कपास संस्थान
?—–नागपुर

19. केन्द्रीय जूट एवं संबद्ध रेशे अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-बैरकपुर

20. केन्द्रीय अंतः स्थलीय मात्स्यिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-बैरकपुर

21. भारतीय चरागाह एवं चारा अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–झांसी

22. राष्ट्रीय कृषि वानिकी अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—झांसी

23. भारतीय बागवानी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–बैंगलोर

24. केन्द्रीय शीतोष्ण बागवानी संस्थान
?श्रीनगर

25. केन्द्रीय शुष्क बागवानी संस्थान
?—–बीकानेर

26. राष्ट्रीय ऊंट अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—–बीकानेर

27. भारतीय सब्जी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–वाराणसी

28. केन्द्रीय आलू अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–शिमला

29. केन्द्रीय कंदी फसलें अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–त्रिवेन्द्रम

30. केन्द्रीय रोपण फसलें अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–कासरगोड

31. केन्द्रीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–पोर्ट ब्लेअर

32. भारतीय मसाला अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–कालीकट

33. केन्द्रीय मृदा और जल संरक्षण अनुसंधान एवं प्रशिक्षण संस्थान ?—देहरादून

34. भारतीय मृदा विज्ञान संस्थान
?—भोपाल

35. केन्द्रीय कृषि अभियांत्रिकी संस्थान
?—-भोपाल

36. पूर्वी क्षेत्र के लिए भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद अनुसंधान परिसर, मखाना केन्द्र सहित, ?—पटना

37. केन्द्रीय शुष्क भूमि कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान,
?—–हैदराबाद

38. राष्ट्रीय कृषि अनुसंधान एवं प्रबन्धन अकादमी,
?—हैदराबाद

39. राष्ट्रीय मांस अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—-हैदराबाद

40. केन्द्रीय शुष्क क्षेत्र अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—जोधपुर

41. भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद अनुसंधान परिसर
?—-गोवा

42. राष्ट्रीय अजैविक दबाव प्रबन्धन संस्थान
?—+मालेगांव, महाराष्ट्र

43. केन्द्रीय कटाई उपरांत अभियांत्रिकी और प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान ? लुधियाना

44. भारतीय प्राकृतिक रेज़िन और गोंद संस्थान
?—रांची

45. राष्ट्रीय जूट एवं संबद्ध रेशे प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान ?—-कोलकाता

46. केन्द्रीय बकरी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–मखदुम

47. केन्द्रीय भैंस अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—हिसार

48. राष्ट्रीय अश्व अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—–हिसार

49. राष्ट्रीय पशु पोषण और कायिकी संस्थान
?—-बेंगलौर

50. केन्द्रीय पक्षी अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–/ इज्जतनगर

51. भारतीय पशु चिकित्सा अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—-इज्जतनगर

52. केन्द्रीय समुद्री मात्स्यिकी अनुसंधान संस्थान
? —-कोच्चि

53. केन्द्रीय मात्स्यिकी प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान
?—–कोच्चि

54. केन्द्रीय खारा जल जीवपालन अनुसंधान संस्थान
?—–चैन्नई

55. केन्द्रीय ताजा जल जीव पालन संस्थान
?— भुवनेश्वर

56. राष्ट्रीय लीची अनुसंधान केन्द्र
? –मुजफ्फरपुर

57. गन्ना प्रजनन संस्थान
? –कोयम्बटूर

58. राष्ट्रीय अंगूर अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?–पुणे

59. राष्ट्रीय केला अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—त्रिची

60. राष्ट्रीय बीज मसाला अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—अजमेर

61. राष्ट्रीय अनार अनुसंधान केन्द्र
?—-शोलापुर

62. राष्ट्रीय मिथुन अनुसंधान केन्द्र, मेदजीफेमा
?—–नगालैंड

63. राष्ट्रीय शूकर अनुसंधान केन्द्
?—-गुवाहाटी

🔰 Google has launched the Android operating system to the latest version of Android 9.0 'pie' .

🔰 After the demise of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi, the Central Government has declared a national mourning on 08.08.2018. At the same time, the state government announced a public holiday and 7 days mourning on 08.08.2018 .

🔰 Government 20% doubled import duties on more than 300 textile products is . India imported $ 7 billion of textile imports in 2017-18, out of which about $ 3 billion was exported from China. This decision has been taken to relieve the domestic textile industry.

🔰 About 17 lakh government employees of Maharashtra went on a 3-day strike to demand the implementation of 7th Pay Commission's recommendations.

🔰 At 45 years and 161 days, the oldest goalkeeper Esam Al-Hadri, who played the FIFA World Cup, has retired from the Egyptian national team.

🔰 Australia's Statistical Department has reported that the country's population is 2.5 million. The most permanent refugees in Australia come from India and China.

🔰 Chinese smartphone Company Xiaomi will invest Rs.1,400 crore in H-Tech Technology Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) to provide accessories such as touch panels and camera modules.

🔰 India U-20 and U-16 football team has recently defeated 6 times the U-20 world champion while 1-0 Iraq Argentina 2-1 respectively have . 

🔰 Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj will address the 73rd session of UN General Assembly (UNGA) on September 29. Earlier, even last year, Sushma had addressed the UNGA session.

♻️ गगल ने एंड्रॉयड ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम का लेटेस्ट वर्ज़न एंड्रॉयड 9.0 'पाई' पेश कर दिया है।

♻️ तमिलनाडु के पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री एम. करुणानिधि के निधन के बाद केंद्र सरकार ने 08.08.2018 को राष्ट्रीय शोक घोषित किया है। वहीं, राज्य सरकार ने 08.08.2018 को सार्वजनिक अवकाश और 7 दिवसीय शोक की घोषणा की है।

♻️ सरकार ने 300 से अधिक टेक्सटाइल उत्पादों पर आयात शुल्क दोगुना कर 20% कर दिया है। भारत ने 2017-18 में रिकॉर्ड $7 अरब का टेक्सटाइल आयात किया था जिसमें से करीब $3 अरब का टेक्सटाइल आयात चीन से किया गया था। घरेलू टेक्सटाइल इंडस्ट्री को राहत देने के लिए यह फैसला हुआ है।

♻️ 7वें वेतन आयोग की सिफारिशों को लागू करने की मांग को लेकर महाराष्ट्र के करीब 17 लाख सरकारी कर्मचारी  3 दिवसीय हड़ताल पर चले गए।

♻️ 45 वर्ष और 161 दिन की उम्र में फीफा विश्व कप मैच खेलने वाले सबसे उम्रदराज़ खिलाड़ी गोलकीपर एस्सम अल-हैदरी ने मिस्र की राष्ट्रीय टीम से संन्यास ले लिया है।

♻️ ऑस्ट्रेलिया के सांख्यिकी विभाग ने बताया है कि देश की आबादी 2.5 करोड़ हो गई है।ऑस्ट्रेलिया में सबसे ज़्यादा स्थाई शरणार्थी भारत और चीन से आते हैं।

♻️ चीनी स्मार्टफोन कंपनी श्याओमी को टच पैनल और कैमरा मॉड्यूल जैसे कलपुर्ज़े उपलब्ध कराने के लिए होलिटेक टेक्नोलॉजी तिरुपति (आंध्र प्रदेश) में ₹1,400 करोड़ के निवेश से प्लांट लगाएगी।

♻️ भारतीय अंडर-20 और अंडर-16 फुटबॉल टीमों ने हाल ही में क्रमश: 6 बार की अंडर-20 विश्व चैंपियन अर्जेंटीना को 2-1 से जबकि इराक को 1-0 से मात दी है। 

♻️ भारतीय विदेश मंत्री सुषमा स्वराज 29 सितंबर को संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा (यूएनजीए) के 73वें सत्र को संबोधित करेंगी। इससे पहले, पिछले वर्ष भी सुषमा ने यूएनजीए के सत्र को संबोधित किया था।

1. हाल ही में किस राज्य के एसिड अटैक पीड़ित लोगों को दिव्यांगों की श्रेणी में शामिल किया गया है?

मध्य प्रदेश के एसिड अटैक पीड़ित लोगों को दिव्यांगों की श्रेणी में शामिल किया गया है| अब एसिड अटैक पीड़ित को दिव्यांग अधिनियम-2016 के अंतर्गत सरकार की विभिन्न योजनाओं के लाभ दिये जायेंगे|

2. हाल ही में किस राज्य में दिव्यांगों के लिए अलग निदेशालय स्थापित किया गया है?

असम में दिव्यांगों के लिए अलग निदेशालय स्थापित किया गया है| सामाजिक कल्याण विभाग ने सभी दिव्यांगों को प्रति माह 1 हजार रुपये देने का प्रावधान किया है|

3. हाल ही में भारत का पहला शौर्य उद्यान कहाँ पर स्थापित किया गया है?

भारत का पहला शौर्य उद्यान झुंझुनूं में स्थापित किया गया है| शहीदों व सैनिकों को समर्पित इस भवन में दो एक्जीबिशन गैलेरी व एक प्लाजा ऑफ फ्रीडम बनाया गया है। बिल्डिंग के बाहर एक बैटल फील्ड (युद्ध का दृश्य) दिखाया गया है, जिसमें युद्ध के दौरान सैनिक की 12 पोजीशन दिखाई गई है। इस उद्यान में तीनों सेनाओं व युद्धों की जानकारी होगी| इसमें तीनों सेनाओं की रैंकिंग, पदक व यूनीफॉर्म की जानकारी भी उपलब्ध होगी| इस उद्यान में अब तक हुए महत्पवूर्ण युद्ध व सेना के कौशल का टू डी व थ्री डी में प्रदर्शन किया जायेगा| इसमें सेना के उन वीरों की गाथाएं होगी, जिन्होंने युद्ध के दौरान बेहतर रण कौशल का प्रदर्शन किया था|

4. महेश कुमार मलानी कौन है?

महेश कुमार मलानी पाकिस्तान में सांसद बनने वाले पहले भारतीय है| इन्होनें सिंध प्रांत की थरपरकर की जनरल सीट से संसदीय चुनाव जीता है| महेश कुमार जरदारी पार्टी के प्रत्याशी थे| मलानी इससे पहले 2013 में सिंध प्रांत की पीएस-61 विधानसभा सीट से जीतकर विधायक बनने वाले पहले हिंदू थे|

5. एली साउटर कौन थी?

एली साउटर ब्रिटेन की युवा स्नो बोर्डर थी| एली ने 2017 में यूरोपियन यूथ ओलिंपिक विंटर फेस्टिवल में मेडल जीता था। वे उस इवेंट में ब्रिटेन की इकलौती मेडलिस्ट थीं। हाल ही में इनका निधन हो गया है|

6. हाल ही में “राउंड द वर्ल्ड’ याट रेस किसने जीती है?

“राउंड द वर्ल्ड’ याट रेस ऑस्ट्रेलिया की सेलर वेंडी टक की कप्तानी वाली टीम सान्या सेरेनटी कोस्ट ने जीती है| वेंडी यह रेस जीतने वाली पहली महिला कप्तान है| इस टूर्नामेंट के 22 साल के इतिहास में ऐसा पहली बार है, जब टॉप-2 पर महिला सेलर ही रही हैं। इस रेस में 41 देशों के 712 सेलर (प्रोफेशनल और अमेच्योर) शामिल थे|

7. हाल ही में अटलांटा ओपन का ख़िताब किसने जीता है?

अटलांटा ओपन का ख़िताब अमेरिका के जॉन इस्नर ने जीता है| इस्नर ने अटलांटा ओपन के फाइनल मुकाबले में हमवतन रेयान हैरिसन को 5-7, 6-3, 6-4 से हराकर यह ख़िताब जीता है|

8. हाल ही में टुमोरोलैंड इलेक्ट्रॉनिक म्यूजिक फेस्टिवल कहाँ पर मनाया जा रहा है?

टुमोरोलैंड इलेक्ट्रॉनिक म्यूजिक फेस्टिवल बेल्जियम में मनाया जा रहा है| यह फेस्टिवल जुलाई महीने के तीसरे और चौथे वीकेंड में मनाया जाता है|

9. विश्व हेपेटाइटिस दिवस कब मनाया जाता है?

विश्व हेपेटाइटिस दिवस प्रतिवर्ष 28 जुलाई को मनाया जाता है| यह दिवस लोगों को हेपेटाइटिस के प्रति जागरूक करने के उद्देश्य से मनाया जाता है| हेपेटाइटिस वायरस के काऱण होने वाली यह एक संक्रामक बीमारी है, जो मनुष्य के साथ बंदरों की प्रजाति के लीवर को भी संक्रमित करती है, जिसके वजह से लीवर में सूजन और जलन पैदा होती है|

10. विश्व प्रकृति संरक्षण दिवस कब मनाया जाता है?

विश्व प्रकृति संरक्षण दिवस प्रतिवर्ष 28 जुलाई को मनाया जाता है| यह दिवस पृथ्वी के प्राकृतिक वातावरण से विलुप्त होते हुए जीव-जन्तुओं तथा पेड़-पौधों के संरक्षण के उद्देश्य से मनाया जाता है|

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What is the debate on uniform civil code all about?

What is it?

Article 44 of the Directive Principles in the Constitution says the “State shall endeavour to provide for its citizens a uniform civil code (UCC) throughout the territory of India.” The objective of this endeavour should be to address the discrimination against vulnerable groups and harmonise diverse cultural practices. The stand taken by B.R. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly debates has survived the years. Dr. Ambedkar had said a UCC is desirable but for the moment should remain voluntary.

How did it come about?

The Law Commission of India notes that the tracts of the Constituent Assembly debates reveal a lack of consensus on what a potential uniform civil code would entail. While many thought the UCC would coexist alongside the personal law systems, others thought that it was to replace the personal law.

There were yet others who believed that the UCC would deny the freedom of religion. It was this uncertainty that led it to be included in the Directive Principles of State Policy rather than the chapter on Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.

Why does it matter?

The codification of personal laws have historically generated protests. The Hindu Code Bill, one of the foremost pieces of social legislation, had triggered enormous opposition.

The debate on the UCC is centred on the argument to replace individual personal customs and practices of marriage, divorce, adoption and successions with a common code. Those in favour of one code argue that it will end discrimination in religions. Detractors contend that it will rob the nation of its religious diversity and violate the fundamental right to practise religion enshrined in Article 25 of the Constitution. In fact, they hold that a state action to introduce the UCC is against the quintessence of democracy. The secular state is, after all, an enabler of rights rather than an inhibitor in sensitive matters of religion and personal laws.

What next?

Legal experts say that the Supreme Court missed an opportunity to decide on the issue in 2017 when it outlawed triple talaq without addressing the core issue: whether personal law practices should prevail over the fundamental rights of life, dignity and non-discrimination. The Constitution Bench’s judgment was the product of an October 2015 decision of a two-judge Bench of the court to take suo motu cognisance of the discriminatory practices against Muslim women. This Bench pointed out that it had been 30 years since the court, in the Shah Bano case, urged the government to frame a common code to “help in the cause of national integration.”

The Constitution Bench’s judgment came about a year after the Law Commission, in a novel move in October 2016, published a “questionnaire” to test the waters on the UCC. It wanted to see whether the nation was ready for it. The questions included “what measures should be taken to sensitise society to a common code or codification of personal law,” and would the UCC ensure “gender equality.”

In the Shah Bano case, the court lamented that Article 44 remained a “dead letter.” Chances are that it may continue to remain so. In its consultation paper last week, the Law Commission chose codification of personal laws over the UCC as a way to end discrimination within religions. Codification of various practices and customs would make them ‘law’ under Article 13 of the Constitution. Any ‘law’ that comes under Article 13 should be consistent with the fundamental rights, the Law Commission has reasoned. This would protect the plurality of religions, too, and may be the way forward for the near future. In fact, the Law Commission has suggested in no uncertain terms that the UCC is “neither necessary nor desirable at this stage in the country.” It said a unified nation does not necessarily need to have “uniformity.”

FAMOUS STRAITS:

FAMOUS STRAITS:
• Palk Strait separates India from Sri Lanaka.
• Babul Mandab strait separates Arabia from Africa.
• Babel-Mandab strait leads into the Red Sea.
• Red sea is b/w Arabia and Africa.
• Davis Strait separates Greenland from Baffin Island.
• The Davis Strait lies between Canada and Greenland
• Messina strait separates Italy from Sicily.
• Johor strait separates Malaysia from Singapore.
• Bass Strait separates Australia from Tasmania.
• Florida Strait separates Cuba from Florida. It joins Atlantic Ocean with Gulf of Mexico.
• Dover strait separates England from France.
• Gibraltar Strait separates Spain and Africa and joins Mediterranean Sea with Atlantic Ocean.
• Torres Strait separates Australia and Papua New Guinea
• Bering Strait separates Asia from Africa and joins the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
• Bosporus Strait connects Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora.
• Dardanelles strait (Turkey) joins Marmora sea with Aegean Sea.
• Malacca (Indonesia) strait separates Sumatra from Malay Peninsula. It is longest strait in the world.
• Mozambique strait is the broadest strait in the world. It is b/w Mozambique and Madagascar.
• Sunda strait separates Sumatra from Java Island.
• 40% of world oil passes through... Strait of Hormuz
• The gateway to the Gulf of Iran is Strait of Hormuz

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ವಿಶ್ವದ ಹಲವಾರು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ

ವಿಶ್ವದ ಹಲವಾರು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ

1. World Trade Organization (WTO) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Roberto Azevedo
Founded on – 1 January 1995

2. World Health Organization (WHO) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Dr Margaret Chan
Founded on – 7 April 1948

3. World Economic Forum (WEF) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Klaus Schwab
Founded on – 1971

4. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO Also called OMPI) -
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Francis Gurry
Founded on – July 14, 1967

5. International Labour Organisation (ILO/OIT) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Guy Ryder
Founded on – 1919

6. United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Mukhisa Kituyi
Founded on – 1964

7. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Petteri Taalas
Founded on – 1950

8. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) –
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Head – Peter Maurer
Founded on – 1863

9. International Monetary Fund (IMF) –
Headquarters – Washington DC, US
Head – Christine Lagarde
Founded on – 27 December 1945

10. The World Bank –
Headquarters – Washington DC, US
Founded on – July 1944
@exammassala
11. United Nations Organization (UN) –
Headquarters – New York, US
Head – António Guterres
Founded on – 1945

12. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) –
Headquarters – New York, US
Head – Anthony Lake
Founded on – December 1946

13. United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA) –
Headquarters – New York, US
Head – Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin
Founded on – 1969

14. Asian Development Bank –
Headquarters – Manila, Philippines
Founded on – 22 August 1966

15. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) –
Headquarters – Beijing, China
Head – Jin Liqun
Founded on – 4 October 2014

16. New Development Bank (BRICS Development Bank) –
Headquarters – Shanghai, China
Head – K. V. Kamath
Founded on – July 2015

17. United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) –
Headquarters – Paris, France
Head – Irina Bokova
Founded on – 16 November 1945

18. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) –
Headquarters – Paris, France
Head – Jose Angel Gurria
Founded on – 30 September 1961

19. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) –
Headquarters – Brussels, Belgium
Head – Jens Stoltenberg
Founded on – 4 April 1949

20. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) –
Headquarters – Singapore
Head – Dr. Alan Bollard
Founded on – 1989
@sscmassala
21. Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) –
Headquarters – Jakarta, Indonesia
Founded on – 8 August 1967

22. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) –
Headquarters – Kathmandu, Nepal
Founded on – 8 December 1985

23. International Maritime Organisation (IMO) –
Headquarters – London, UK
Head – Kitack Lim
Founded on – 1959

24. Amnesty International –
Headquarters – London, UK
Head – Salil Shetty
Founded on – July 1961

25. Commonwealth of Nations –
Headquarters – London, UK
Head – Queen Elizabeth II
Founded on – 28 April 1949

26. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) –
Headquarters – Vienna, Austria
Head – Yukiya Amano
Founded on – July 29, 1957

27. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) –
Headquarters – Vienna, Austria
Head – Li Yong
Founded on – 1966

28. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) –
Headquarters – Vienna, Austria
Head – Mohammed Barkindo
Founded on – 1961-62

29. International Olympic Committee (IOC) –
Headquarters – Lausanne, Switzerland
Head – Thomas Bach
Founded on – 23 June 1894

30. International Cricket Council (ICC) –
Headquarters – Dubai, UAE
Head – David Richardson (CEO)
Founded on – 15 June 1909

31. The Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) –
Headquarters – Zurich, Switzerland
Head – Gianni Infantino
Founded

India chaina border dispute

China says the border dispute covers Arunachal Pradesh which it claims as Southern Tibet, India asserts that the dispute covered Aksai Chin area. In terms of length, India shares 3,488 km of border with China. The Sino-Indian border is generally divided into three sectors namely:

The Western sector,

The Middle sector, and

The Eastern sector.

 

WESTERN SECTOR

The Indian boundary with China in the western sector is about 2152 km long. It is between Jammu and Kashmir and Xinjiang (Sinkiang) province of China.

AKSAI CHIN

The territorial dispute over Aksai Chin can be traced back to the failure of the British Empire to clearly demarcate a legal border between its Indian colony and China.

As two borders between India and China were proposed during the time of the British Raj – the Johnson’s Line and the McDonald Line.

The Johnson’s line shows Aksai Chin to be under Indian control whereas the McDonald Line places it under Chinese control.

India considers the Johnson Line as the correct, rightful national border with China, while on the other hand, China considers the McDonald Line as the correct border with India.

The line that separates Indian-administered areas of Jammu and Kashmir from Aksai Chin is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line.

China and India went to war in 1962 over the disputed territory of Aksai Chin. India claimed this was a part of Kashmir, while China claimed it was a part of Xinjiang.

MIDDLE SECTOR

The middle sector boundary in about 625 km long which runs along the watershed from Ladakh to Nepal.The states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand touch this border with Tibet (China). This sector does not have any substantial border dispute.

EASTERN SECTOR

The boundary in the eastern sector is 1,140 km long and runs from the eastern limit of Bhutan to a point near the Talu Pass at the tri-junction of India, Tibet, and Myanmar. This line is called the McMahon Line after Henry Mc Mahon, a British representative who signed the 1913-14 Shimla Convention.

The boundary was established along the Himalayan crest of the northern watershed of the Brahmaputra, except where the Lohit, Dihang, Subansiri, and Kemang rivers break through that watershed.

China considers the McMahon Line illegal and unacceptable claiming that Tibet had no right to sign the 1914 Convention held in Shimla which delineated the Mc Mahon line on the map.

Tawang is central to the resolution of India-China border dispute.

According to China, if India returns Tawang, which is a sacred place for Tibetan Buddhists, it would settle border disputes in western & central boundaries. India, of course, has denied the proposal claiming Tawang to be an integral part of Arunachal Pradesh & India.

SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE TALKS

China and India appointed Special Representatives to discuss the boundary question in 2003.

In 2005, the two sides agreed on political parameters and guiding principles for a boundary settlement, which would form the basis of the final settlement.

India and China have held 20 rounds (the latest of which was in December 2017 between NSA Ajit Doval and Yang) of Special Representative Talks on the border and there has yet to be an exchange of maps.

17.9% growth in foreign exchange earnings

Ministry of Tourism

17.9% Growth in Foreign Exchange Earnings (in Rupee Terms) in March 2018 over March 2017

Foreign Exchange Earnings (in rupee and US $ terms) through tourism in India register good growth in March 2018

Posted On: 01 MAY 2018 4:03PM

Based on the credit data of Travel Head from Balance of Payments of RBI, Ministry of Tourism estimates monthly Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) through tourism in India, both in rupee and dollar terms.

The highlights of the estimates of FEEs from tourism in India for March 2018 are as below:

Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) through tourism (in Rs. terms)

FEEs during the month of March 2018 were Rs.17, 294 crore as compared to    Rs. 14, 667 crore in March 2017 and Rs. 12, 985 crore in March 2016.

 

The growth rate in FEEs in rupee terms in March 2018 over March 2017 was 17.9%, compared to the growth of 13.0% in March 2017 over March 2016.

 

FEEs during the period January- March 2018 were Rs. 52, 916 crore with a growth of 15.5%, as compared to the FEE of Rs. 45, 819 crore in January-March 2017 with a growth of 13.6% over January- March 2016.

 

Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) through tourism (in US $ terms)

FEEs in US$ terms during the month of March 2018 were US$ 2.659 billion as compared to FEEs of US$ 2.224 billion during the month of March 2017 and  US$ 1.938 billion in March 2016.

 

The growth rate in FEEs in US$ terms in March 2018 over March 2017 was 19.6% compared to the growth of 14.8% in March 2017 over March 2016.

 

FEEs during the period January-March 2018 were US$ 8.228 billion with a growth of 20.4% as compared to the FEE of US$ 6.833 billion in January- March 2017 with a growth of 14.4% over January- March 2016.

 

*****

NB/JP/Tourism/01-05-2018

ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಔಚಿತ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಂದೇಶ

ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಔಚಿತ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಂದೇಶ | Labours day | May 1 |

"ವಿಶ್ವಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ"ಯು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಿ 124 ವರುಷಗಳು ಕಳೆದು, ಇಂದು (ಮೇ 1, 2010) 125ನೆಯ ಆಚರಣೆ ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಸಂಧಿಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ, ಈ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಉಗಮ, ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಹಾಗೂ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತತೆಗಳ ಒಂದು ವಿವೇಚನೆಯು ಔಚಿತ್ಯಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಈ ಕಿರುಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದೆಡೆ "ವಿಶ್ವಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ"ಯ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಇಣುಕುನೋಟವನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದರೊಡನೆ, ಇನ್ನೊಂದೆಡೆ, ಇದರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಔಚಿತ್ಯದ ಪುನರಾವಲೋಕನೆಯನ್ನೂ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ.

ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಇಣುಕುನೋಟ:

ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಸಮಾಜವಾದದ ಪ್ರವರ್ತಕರಾದ ಕಾರ್ಲ್‌ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಫ್ರೆಡ್ರಿಕ್ ಎಂಗೆಲ್ಸ್ ಇವರು ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಕೆಲಸದ ದಿನ ಜಾರಿಗೆ ಬರಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ತಮ್ಮ ಅನೇಕ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಜೆನೀವಾದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಮೊದಲನೆ ಇಂಟರ್‌ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್‌ದಲ್ಲಿ 1866ರಲ್ಲೇ ಈ ಕುರಿತು ತೀರ್ಮಾನವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿತ್ತು ಕೂಡಾ. ಅಂತೆಯೇ 1866 ಆಗಸ್ಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯ 60 ಸಂಘಟನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಲಕ್ಷಾವಧಿ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಕೂಡ ಈ ತೀರ್ಮಾನವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ದಿನದ ಬೇಡಿಕೆ ವಿಶ್ವದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಯಾಗಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತಿತಗೊಂಡಿತು. ಆದರೆ, ಈ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಸಾಧಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯ ಚಿಕಾಗೋ ನಗರದ ಹೇಮಾರ್ಕೆಟ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವಯರ್‌ದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಹೋರಾಟ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಂಪು ಅಕ್ಷರ ದಿನವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಣಮಿಸಿತು.

1886 ಮೇ 1, ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಮಹತ್ವದ ಘಟ್ಟ. ಆ ದಿನ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ಐದು ಲಕ್ಷ ಜನ, ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಯ ಕೆಲಸದ ದಿನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ಹೂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಇವರಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ಎರಡು ಲಕ್ಷ ಜನ ಮುಷ್ಕರವನ್ನು ಹೂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅಂದು ಚಿಕಾಗೋ ನಗರದಲ್ಲೇ 80 ಸಾವಿರ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಮುಷ್ಕರವನ್ನು ಹೂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಈ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ದಮನಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕವಾಗಿ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಗೂಂಡಾ ಕಂಪೆನಿಗಳು ದೌರ್ಜನ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಿದ್ದವು. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ, ಪಿಂಕರ್‌ಟನ್ ಕಂಪನಿ. ಇದು ಹೇಳಿತ್ತು: "ಈ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರಿಗೆ ತುಪಾಕಿಗಳಿಂದ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಊಟ ಬಡಿಸಬೇಕು" ಎಂದು. "ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ವರ್ಗದ ಒಂದು ಅರ್ಧಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಸಲು, ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಅರ್ಧ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಬಾಡಿಗೆಗೆ ಪಡೆಯಬಲ್ಲ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ನನಗಿದೆ" ಎಂದು ಓರ್ವ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಏಕಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದ ಜಾಯ್‌ಗೌಲ್ಡ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ. ಈ ಬಗೆಯಾದ ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿಗಳ ದೌರ್ಜನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕವರ್ಗ ಹೋರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ಧುಮುಕಿತ್ತು.

ಈ ಬೃಹತ್ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ಹತ್ತಿಕ್ಕಲು ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ ವರ್ಗ ಹಾಗೂ ಅಮೆರಿಕನ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಒಟ್ಟು ಕೂಡಿಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಮೇ 1ರಂದು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಮಾಡಿದ್ದ ಚಳವಳಿ ಮುಂದುವರಿದಿತ್ತು; ಮೇ 3ರಂದು ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿಗಳು ಈ ಮುಷ್ಕರವನ್ನು ಮುರಿಯಲು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿಯ ಒಂದು ಗುಂಪನ್ನು ಇನ್ನಿತರರ ಮೇಲೆ ಸಂಘರ್ಷ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರೇರೇಪಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಈ ಸಂಘರ್ಷವನ್ನು ಹತ್ತಿಕ್ಕುವ ನೆಪಹೂಡಿ, ಪೋಲೀಸರು ಆರು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರನ್ನು ಗುಂಡಿಕ್ಕಿ ಕೊಂದಿದ್ದರು. ಈ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ದೌರ್ಜನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟಿಸಲು, ಚಿಕಾಗೋ ನಗರದ ಹೇಮಾರ್ಕೆಟ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವಯರ್‌ದ ಬೃಹತ್ ಮತಪ್ರದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಸಭೆಯು ರಾತ್ರಿ 10 ಗಂಟೆಗೆ ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಂತೆ, ಹಿಂಭಾಗದಿಂದ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ಏಜೆಂಟೊಬ್ಬನು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಮೇಲೊಂದು ಬಾಂಬನ್ನು ಎಸೆದಿದ್ದನು. ಇದರಿಂದ ಗೊಂದಲ ಉಂಟಾಗಿ, ಕತ್ತಲಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಾಪಟ್ಟೆ ಗುಂಡಿಕ್ಕಲು ಉದ್ಯುಕ್ತರಾದರು. ಇದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿ ಏಳೆಂಟು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲೇ ಅಸುನೀಗಿದ್ದರು. ಮೂವತ್ತು-ನಾಲ್ವತ್ತು ಮಂದಿ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಕೋಪ ಕಟ್ಟೆ ಒಡೆದು, ಘರ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಇಳಿದರು. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲೇ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದ; ತೀವ್ರವಾಗಿ ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಏಳು ಜನ ಪೋಲೀಸರು ನಂತರ ಮರಣಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರು.

ಈ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನಾಯಕರೆಂದರೆ, ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಪಾರ್ಸನ್ಸ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಅಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ಟೈಸ್. ಆದರೆ ಅಮೆರಿಕನ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಎಂಟು ಜನ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಾಯಕರ ಮೇಲೆ ಖೊಟ್ಟಿ ಕೇಸನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸಿತ್ತು. ತೋರಿಕೆಯ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇವರಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು, ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬನಿಗೆ ಹದಿನೈದು ವರುಷಗಳ ಜೈಲುವಾಸವನ್ನು ವಿಧಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ರೀತಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಿದ್ದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಾಯಕವೀರರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದರು - "ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಗಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಏರಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ದಮನಗೊಳಿಸಬಹುದೆಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದು ಭ್ರಮೆ ಮಾತ್ರ. ನೀವು ಇದರಿಂದ ಒಂದು ಕಿಡಿಯನ್ನು ಆರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮುಂದೆ, ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸುತ್ತು ಈ ಜ್ವಾಲೆ ಉರಿಯುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ದಾವಾಗ್ನಿಯನ್ನು ನೀವು ಆರಿಸಲಾರಿರಿ" ಎಂದು.

ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಿದ್ದವರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬನಾದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ಟೈಸ್ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರವನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ. "ನೀವು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದು ಶಾಸನಬದ್ಧ ಕೊಲೆ. ನಾನು ಆ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ತಪ್ಪಿಗಾಗಿ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಗಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಏರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರಿ. ಇದೇ ಅಪರಾಧವಾದರೆ, ನನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಹಾಗೂ ನನ್ನ ಮಕ್ಕಳೂ ಆ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರಿಗೂ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ಕೊಡಿ" ಎಂದು. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಅವನು ತನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿಗೆ ಬರೆದ ಪತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ - "ನಾನು ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಸೋಷಲಿಸಮ್ ಮಹದಾಶಯದ ಸಾಧನೆಗಾಗಿ ಈ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ನೀನು ಮುಂದುವರಿಸಬೇಕು" ಎಂದು. ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ಟೈಸ್‌ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಲೂಸಿಯು, ಪತಿವಾಕ್ಯದಂತೆ ತನ್ನ ತೊಂಭತ್ತನೆಯ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನವರೆಗೆ ಸಮಾಜವಾದೀ ಚಳವಳಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿ, 7-3-1942ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಳು. ಆಕೆ ಸಾಯುವ ಕೆಲ ತಿಂಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ, ಹೇಮಾರ್ಕೆಟ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವಯರ್‌ದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಮೇಡೇ ರ್‍ಯಾಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಷಣಮಾಡಿ, ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದ್ದಳು.

ಈ ಏಳು ನಾಯಕರನ್ನು ಗಲ್ಲುಗೇರಿಸಲು ನಿಗದಿಪಡಿಸಿದ ಮುನ್ನಾದಿನ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳುಸಾವಿರ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನಾ ರ್‍ಯಾಲಿಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿ, "ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಈ ಕೊಲೆಯನ್ನು ನಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ" ಎಂದು ಆಗಸದ ಕಿವಿಪಟಲ ಹರಿಯುವಂತೆ ಕೂಗಿದ್ದರು. ಆ ದಿನವೇ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿದ್ದ ಲಿಂಗ್ ತನ್ನ ಜೈಲು ಕೊಠಡಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಅಸುನೀಗಿದ್ದ. ಆ ದಿನವೇ ಫೀಲ್ಡನ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಷ್ಯಾಬ್ ಇವರಿಗೆ ವಿಧಿಸಿದ್ದ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಜೀವಾವಧಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯಾಗಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಒಂದು ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊರಡಿಸಿದ್ದು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ. ಇನ್ನುಳಿದ ನಾಲ್ವರನ್ನು ದಿ|| 11-11-1887ರಂದು ನೇಣುಕಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಏರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಾಯಕರ ತ್ಯಾಗ ಅಮರವಾಗಿದೆ, ಈ ರೋಮಾಂಚಕಾರಿ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಆಂದೋಲನದ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ತಾಕ್ಷರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದಿಡಲಾದ ಅಮರ ದಾಖಲಾಗಿದೆ. ವಿಶ್ವ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ನಿರಂತರ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿಯ ಸೆಲೆಯಾಗಿದೆ.

ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ - ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಕೆಲಸದ ದಿನದ ಹೋರಾಟ - ಇದರ ಮಹತ್ವವನ್ನು ವಿಶ್ವದಲ್ಲೇ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸಮಾಜವಾದಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ, ರಷ್ಯಾ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಿ ನಾಯಕ ಲೆನಿನ್ ಬಣ್ಣಿಸಿದ್ದು ಹೀಗೆ: "ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ ಒಂದು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲ. ಶೋಷಿತವರ್ಗಗಳ ಹಾಗೂ ದೇಶಗಳ ವಿಮೋಚನೆಗಾಗಿ ನಡೆಸಬೇಕಾದ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಿ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳು, ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳು, ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಹಿ ವಿರೋಧಿ ಅಂತಾರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕವರ್ಗದ ಹೋರಾಟ, ಇವುಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಅವಶ್ಯವಾದ ಚೈತನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಬೆಳೆಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾದ ಮಹತ್ವದ ದಿನ ಇದು. ತಮಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ದಿನನಿತ್ಯದ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಣ್ಣ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಆಂದೋಲನ ನಡೆಸುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭವಲ್ಲ ಇದು. ಇಂಥವು ವರ್ಷಾದ್ಯಂತ ಇದ್ದೇಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಈ ಅಂತರವನ್ನು ಅರಿತುಕೊಂಡು ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಆಚರಿಸುವುದು ಅತ್ಯವಶ್ಯ" ಎಂದು.

ಪ್ರಚಲಿತ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತತೆ

"ವಿಶ್ವದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರೇ ಒಂದಾಗಿರಿ, ಒಂದಾಗಿರಿ" - ಇದು ವಿಶ್ವಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಧ್ಯೇಯವಾಕ್ಯ. ಹಾಗಾದರೆ ಏತಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ವಿಶ್ವದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಒಂದಾಗಬೇಕು?" ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ - "ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಸಮಾಜವಾದೀ ಸಮಾಜದ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ" ಎಂದು. 2008ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೀವ್ರ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಮುಗ್ಗಟ್ಟು ಸಂಭವಿಸಿ, ಇದು ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಹಬ್ಬಿ, ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಹಿ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯು ಕುಸಿಯುತ್ತಿರುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಿದೆ. ಇದು ಸಮಾಜವಾದೀ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ ಯೋಗ್ಯಕಾಲವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ವಿಶ್ವದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಒಂದಾಗಿ ಈ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಅಣಿಯಾಗಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯಾನಂತರ 62 ವರುಷಗಳು ಕಳೆದರೂ ಪ್ರಜಾಸತ್ತೆಯ - ಸಮಾಜವಾದದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಮುಖವಾಡ ಧರಿಸಿ, ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ - ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಹಿ ಶೋಷಣಾಮಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು, ಅಸಮಾನತೆ-ಅನ್ಯಾಯ-ಶೋಷಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಶಾಶ್ವತಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಆಳುವವರ್ಗಗಳ (ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ - ಭೂಮಾಲಕವರ್ಗಗಳ) ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕೊನೆಗೊಳಿಸಲು, ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿಯ ಶೋಷಿತ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಹಾಗೂ ಇತರ ಎಲ್ಲ ಶೋಷಿತ ವರ್ಗಗಳು ಒಂದಾಗಿ, ಈ ಶೋಷಕವರ್ಗದ ಅಮಾನುಷ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೆ ಅಂತ್ಯಹಾಡದಿದ್ದರೆ, ಸಂವಿಧಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಘೋಷಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಸಮಾಜವಾದವು ಕೇವಲ ಕಾಗದದ ಆಶ್ವಾಸನೆಯಾದೀತೇ ಹೊರತು, ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಾಸ್ತವಿಕತೆಯಾಗಲಾರದು. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಈ ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಸಂದೇಶ, ಶೋಷಿತ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಒಗ್ಗೂಡಿ, ವರ್ಗಹೋರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಂದಾಗಿ, ಸಮಾಜವಾದಿ ಸಮಾಜ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ ಕಂಕಣಬದ್ಧರಾಗಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿದೆ.

Saraswati samman 2017 yashaschndra

Renowned Gujarati poet Sitanshu Yashaschandra was on April 28, 2018 chosen for the 2017 Saraswati Samman for his collection of verses (poetry) titled ‘Vakhar’, published in 2009. The collection 'Vakhar' engages with larger and more immediate human conditions.

Yashaschandra was selected for this 27th edition of the award by a high level Chayan Parishad Selection Committee, presided over by former secretary general of Lok Sabha Subhash C Kashyap.

About Sitanshu Yashaschandra

• Born in 1941 in Gujarat’s Bhuj district, Yashaschandra is one of the most eminent representatives of contemporary Gujarati literature.

• He has three poetry collections to his credit namely, Odysseusnu Halesu, Jatayu, and Vakhar. 

• He has also authored 10 books of plays and three books of criticism.

• Yashaschandra has also been the recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award, Kabir Samman and Padma Shri award among others.

About Saraswati Samman

• Instituted in 1991, the Saraswati Samman recognises outstanding literary work every year written in any Indian language and published during the last 10 years.

• The recipients of the award are granted with the cash prize of Rs 15 lakhs, a citation and a plaque.

• The previous year winner of the Saraswati Samman was Konkani novelist Mahabaleshwar Sail.

 

Peace Mission-2018 (SCO)

In a first, India and Pakistan will jointly take part in 'Peace Mission-2018', a multi-nation counter-terror war game, under the aegis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in Russia in August 2018.

Peace Mission-2018 will also see the participation of China, Russia and other SCO countries. The exercise will be held in the Chelyabinsk region of Russia from August 22 to August 29, 2018. 

Though, troops from India and Pakistan have worked together in UN missions and operations, Indian soldiers have never actively participated in a multilateral exercise that included Pakistan in the past. 

India's participation in the exercise was confirmed by Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. 

Highlights of the Peace Mission-2018

• Peace Mission-2018 will be conducted under the framework of the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), which is headquartered in Tashkent (Uzbekistan).

• The exercise will be aimed at bolstering counter-terror cooperation among the member countries. 

• It will see joint mock drills to eliminate terrorists and their networks, and interventions in hostage situations.

What is Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and when did India join the group?

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), a China-dominated security grouping, was constituted in 2001 at a summit in Shanghai by the Presidents of Russia, China, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

• Now, the group has eight full members including India, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. 

• Apart from these eight members, four nations have been accorded 'observer' status, while six others are 'dialogue' partners. 

• India and Pakistan were initially admitted as observers of the grouping in 2005; however, both the countries were admitted as full members in 2017. 

• India's membership was strongly pushed by Russia while Pakistan's entry into the grouping was supported by China.

 

The Indus water treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960, by then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.

According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej — was given to India, while control over the water flowing in three "western" rivers of India — the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum — to Pakistan.

More controversial, however, were the provisions on how the waters were to be shared. Since Pakistan's rivers receive more water flow from India, the treaty allowed India to use western rivers water for limited irrigation use and unrestricted use for power generation, domestic, industrial and non consumptive uses such as navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. while laying down precise regulations for India to build projects.

The preamble of the treaty declares that the objectives of the treaty are recognizing rights & obligations of each country in settlement of water use from the Indus rivers system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation contrary to the fears of Pakistan that India could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times of war since substantial water inflows of the Indus basin rivers are from India.

As per the provisions in the treaty, India can use only 20% of the total water carried by the Indus.

PERMANENT INDUS COMMISSION

The countries agreed to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty.

For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country.

It would follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters.

The Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection, exchange of data and visits.

The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin.

Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works.

The annual inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent.

In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration or a neutral technical expert is called in for arbitration.

DISPUTES RELATED TO THE TREATY

Pakistan has lodged a fresh complaint with World Bank over a run-of-the-river project on Kishanganga River in Jammu and Kashmir. It has also raised a dispute over construction of Ratle Dam over Chenab River.

The World Bank, which brokered the Indus Water Treaty in 1960, acts as mediator in such disputes. Pakistan has complained that the Kishanganga project violates the treaty and demanded setting up of a Court of Arbitration.

India had taken strong exception to the World Bank’s decision to set up a Court of Arbitration to look into Pakistan’s complaint against it over Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects in Jammu and Kashmir.

Meanwhile, World Bank has paused the separate processes initiated by India and Pakistan under the Indus Waters Treaty to allow the two countries to consider alternative ways to resolve their disagreements.

The treaty has not considered Gujarat state in India as part of the Indus river basin. The Indus river is entering the Great Rann of Kutch area and feeding in to Kori Creek during floods. At the time of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960, the Great Rann of Kutch area was disputed territory between the two nations which was later settled in the year 1968 by sharing totaldisputed area in 9:1 ratio between India and Pakistan. Without taking consent from India, Pakistan has constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project passing through the Great Rann of Kutch area with the assistance from the world bank. LBOD's purpose is to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through its Indus delta. Water released by the LBOD is enhancing the flooding in India and contaminating the quality of water bodies which are source of water to salt farms spread over vast area. The LBOD water is planned to join the sea via disputed Sir Creek but LBOD water is entering Indian territory due to many breaches in its left bank caused by floods. Gujarat state of India beingthe lower most riparian part of Indus basin, Pakistan is bound to provide all the details of engineering works taken up by Pakistan to India as per the provisions of the treaty and shall not proceed with the project works till the disagreements are settled by arbitration process.

IISc tops HRD Ministry’s rankings for national institutes in 2018

The Ministry of Human Resource Development released its ranking of national institutes for 2018 on Tuesday. The HRD has adopted the National Institutional Ranking Framework, which ranks the best colleges and universities in India.

Here are the rankings.

Overall

Rank	Institute
1	Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
2	IIT Madras, Chennai
3	IIT Bombay, Mumbai
4	IIT Delhi, New Delhi
5	IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
6	Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
7	IIT Kanpur, Kanpur
8	IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
9	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
10	Anna University, Chennai

 

Engineering institutions

Rank	Institute
1	IIT Madras, Chennai
2	IIT Bombay, Mumbai
3	IIT Delhi, New Delhi
4	IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
5	IIT Kanpur, Kanpur
6	IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
7	IIT Guwahati, Guwahati
8	Anna University, Chennai
9	IIT Hyderabad, Hyderabad
10	Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai

 

Management institutes

Rank	Institute
1	IIM Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad
2	IIM Bangalore, Bengaluru
3	IIT Calcutta, Kolkata
4	IIM Lucknow, Lucknow
5	IIT Bombay, Mumbai
6	IIM Kozhikode, Kozhikode
7	IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
8	IIT Delhi, New Delhi
9	IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
10	XLRI, Jamshedpur

 

Universities

Rank	Institute
1	Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
2	Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
3	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
4	Anna University, Chennai
5	University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad
6	Jadavpur University, Kolkata
7	University of Delhi, New Delhi
8	Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore
9	Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
10	Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

 

Medical institutions

Rank	Institute
1	All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
2	Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
3	Christian Medical College, Vellore
4	Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
5	King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
6	JIPMER, Puducherry
7	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
8	Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi
9	Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
10	Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai

 

Colleges

Rank	Institute
1	Miranda House, New Delhi
2	St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi
3	Bishop Hebar College, Tiruchi
4	Hindu College, New Delhi
5	Presidency College, Chennai
6	Loyola College, Chennai
7	Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi
8	Lady Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi
9	Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Howrah
10	Madras Christian College, Chennai