ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಔಚಿತ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಂದೇಶ

ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಔಚಿತ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಂದೇಶ | Labours day | May 1 |

"ವಿಶ್ವಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ"ಯು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಿ 124 ವರುಷಗಳು ಕಳೆದು, ಇಂದು (ಮೇ 1, 2010) 125ನೆಯ ಆಚರಣೆ ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಸಂಧಿಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ, ಈ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಉಗಮ, ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಹಾಗೂ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತತೆಗಳ ಒಂದು ವಿವೇಚನೆಯು ಔಚಿತ್ಯಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಈ ಕಿರುಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದೆಡೆ "ವಿಶ್ವಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ"ಯ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಇಣುಕುನೋಟವನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದರೊಡನೆ, ಇನ್ನೊಂದೆಡೆ, ಇದರ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಔಚಿತ್ಯದ ಪುನರಾವಲೋಕನೆಯನ್ನೂ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ.

ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಇಣುಕುನೋಟ:

ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಸಮಾಜವಾದದ ಪ್ರವರ್ತಕರಾದ ಕಾರ್ಲ್‌ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಫ್ರೆಡ್ರಿಕ್ ಎಂಗೆಲ್ಸ್ ಇವರು ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಕೆಲಸದ ದಿನ ಜಾರಿಗೆ ಬರಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ತಮ್ಮ ಅನೇಕ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಜೆನೀವಾದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಮೊದಲನೆ ಇಂಟರ್‌ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್‌ದಲ್ಲಿ 1866ರಲ್ಲೇ ಈ ಕುರಿತು ತೀರ್ಮಾನವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿತ್ತು ಕೂಡಾ. ಅಂತೆಯೇ 1866 ಆಗಸ್ಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯ 60 ಸಂಘಟನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಲಕ್ಷಾವಧಿ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಕೂಡ ಈ ತೀರ್ಮಾನವನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ದಿನದ ಬೇಡಿಕೆ ವಿಶ್ವದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಯಾಗಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತಿತಗೊಂಡಿತು. ಆದರೆ, ಈ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಸಾಧಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯ ಚಿಕಾಗೋ ನಗರದ ಹೇಮಾರ್ಕೆಟ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವಯರ್‌ದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಹೋರಾಟ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಂಪು ಅಕ್ಷರ ದಿನವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಣಮಿಸಿತು.

1886 ಮೇ 1, ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಮಹತ್ವದ ಘಟ್ಟ. ಆ ದಿನ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ಐದು ಲಕ್ಷ ಜನ, ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಯ ಕೆಲಸದ ದಿನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ಹೂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಇವರಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ಎರಡು ಲಕ್ಷ ಜನ ಮುಷ್ಕರವನ್ನು ಹೂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಅಂದು ಚಿಕಾಗೋ ನಗರದಲ್ಲೇ 80 ಸಾವಿರ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಮುಷ್ಕರವನ್ನು ಹೂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಈ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ದಮನಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕವಾಗಿ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಗೂಂಡಾ ಕಂಪೆನಿಗಳು ದೌರ್ಜನ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಿದ್ದವು. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ, ಪಿಂಕರ್‌ಟನ್ ಕಂಪನಿ. ಇದು ಹೇಳಿತ್ತು: "ಈ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರಿಗೆ ತುಪಾಕಿಗಳಿಂದ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಊಟ ಬಡಿಸಬೇಕು" ಎಂದು. "ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ವರ್ಗದ ಒಂದು ಅರ್ಧಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಸಲು, ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಅರ್ಧ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಬಾಡಿಗೆಗೆ ಪಡೆಯಬಲ್ಲ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ನನಗಿದೆ" ಎಂದು ಓರ್ವ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಏಕಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದ ಜಾಯ್‌ಗೌಲ್ಡ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ. ಈ ಬಗೆಯಾದ ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿಗಳ ದೌರ್ಜನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕವರ್ಗ ಹೋರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ಧುಮುಕಿತ್ತು.

ಈ ಬೃಹತ್ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ಹತ್ತಿಕ್ಕಲು ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ ವರ್ಗ ಹಾಗೂ ಅಮೆರಿಕನ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಒಟ್ಟು ಕೂಡಿಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಮೇ 1ರಂದು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಮಾಡಿದ್ದ ಚಳವಳಿ ಮುಂದುವರಿದಿತ್ತು; ಮೇ 3ರಂದು ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿಗಳು ಈ ಮುಷ್ಕರವನ್ನು ಮುರಿಯಲು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿಯ ಒಂದು ಗುಂಪನ್ನು ಇನ್ನಿತರರ ಮೇಲೆ ಸಂಘರ್ಷ ಮಾಡಲು ಪ್ರೇರೇಪಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಈ ಸಂಘರ್ಷವನ್ನು ಹತ್ತಿಕ್ಕುವ ನೆಪಹೂಡಿ, ಪೋಲೀಸರು ಆರು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರನ್ನು ಗುಂಡಿಕ್ಕಿ ಕೊಂದಿದ್ದರು. ಈ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ದೌರ್ಜನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟಿಸಲು, ಚಿಕಾಗೋ ನಗರದ ಹೇಮಾರ್ಕೆಟ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವಯರ್‌ದ ಬೃಹತ್ ಮತಪ್ರದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಸಭೆಯು ರಾತ್ರಿ 10 ಗಂಟೆಗೆ ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಂತೆ, ಹಿಂಭಾಗದಿಂದ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ಏಜೆಂಟೊಬ್ಬನು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಮೇಲೊಂದು ಬಾಂಬನ್ನು ಎಸೆದಿದ್ದನು. ಇದರಿಂದ ಗೊಂದಲ ಉಂಟಾಗಿ, ಕತ್ತಲಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಾಪಟ್ಟೆ ಗುಂಡಿಕ್ಕಲು ಉದ್ಯುಕ್ತರಾದರು. ಇದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿ ಏಳೆಂಟು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲೇ ಅಸುನೀಗಿದ್ದರು. ಮೂವತ್ತು-ನಾಲ್ವತ್ತು ಮಂದಿ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ಕೋಪ ಕಟ್ಟೆ ಒಡೆದು, ಘರ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಇಳಿದರು. ಒಬ್ಬ ಪೋಲೀಸ್ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲೇ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದ; ತೀವ್ರವಾಗಿ ಗಾಯಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಏಳು ಜನ ಪೋಲೀಸರು ನಂತರ ಮರಣಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರು.

ಈ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನಾಯಕರೆಂದರೆ, ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಪಾರ್ಸನ್ಸ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಅಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ಟೈಸ್. ಆದರೆ ಅಮೆರಿಕನ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಎಂಟು ಜನ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಾಯಕರ ಮೇಲೆ ಖೊಟ್ಟಿ ಕೇಸನ್ನು ದಾಖಲಿಸಿತ್ತು. ತೋರಿಕೆಯ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇವರಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು, ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬನಿಗೆ ಹದಿನೈದು ವರುಷಗಳ ಜೈಲುವಾಸವನ್ನು ವಿಧಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ರೀತಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಿದ್ದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಾಯಕವೀರರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದರು - "ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಗಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಏರಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ದಮನಗೊಳಿಸಬಹುದೆಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದು ಭ್ರಮೆ ಮಾತ್ರ. ನೀವು ಇದರಿಂದ ಒಂದು ಕಿಡಿಯನ್ನು ಆರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮುಂದೆ, ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸುತ್ತು ಈ ಜ್ವಾಲೆ ಉರಿಯುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ದಾವಾಗ್ನಿಯನ್ನು ನೀವು ಆರಿಸಲಾರಿರಿ" ಎಂದು.

ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಿದ್ದವರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬನಾದ ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ಟೈಸ್ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರವನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ. "ನೀವು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದು ಶಾಸನಬದ್ಧ ಕೊಲೆ. ನಾನು ಆ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ತಪ್ಪಿಗಾಗಿ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಗಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಏರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರಿ. ಇದೇ ಅಪರಾಧವಾದರೆ, ನನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಹಾಗೂ ನನ್ನ ಮಕ್ಕಳೂ ಆ ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರಿಗೂ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆ ಕೊಡಿ" ಎಂದು. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಅವನು ತನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿಗೆ ಬರೆದ ಪತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದ - "ನಾನು ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಸೋಷಲಿಸಮ್ ಮಹದಾಶಯದ ಸಾಧನೆಗಾಗಿ ಈ ಚಳವಳಿಯನ್ನು ನೀನು ಮುಂದುವರಿಸಬೇಕು" ಎಂದು. ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ಟೈಸ್‌ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಲೂಸಿಯು, ಪತಿವಾಕ್ಯದಂತೆ ತನ್ನ ತೊಂಭತ್ತನೆಯ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನವರೆಗೆ ಸಮಾಜವಾದೀ ಚಳವಳಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸಿ, 7-3-1942ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಧನಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಳು. ಆಕೆ ಸಾಯುವ ಕೆಲ ತಿಂಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ, ಹೇಮಾರ್ಕೆಟ್ ಸ್ಕ್ವಯರ್‌ದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಮೇಡೇ ರ್‍ಯಾಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಷಣಮಾಡಿ, ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದ್ದಳು.

ಈ ಏಳು ನಾಯಕರನ್ನು ಗಲ್ಲುಗೇರಿಸಲು ನಿಗದಿಪಡಿಸಿದ ಮುನ್ನಾದಿನ ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ ಏಳುಸಾವಿರ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನಾ ರ್‍ಯಾಲಿಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿ, "ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಈ ಕೊಲೆಯನ್ನು ನಾವು ಪ್ರತಿಭಟಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ" ಎಂದು ಆಗಸದ ಕಿವಿಪಟಲ ಹರಿಯುವಂತೆ ಕೂಗಿದ್ದರು. ಆ ದಿನವೇ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿದ್ದ ಲಿಂಗ್ ತನ್ನ ಜೈಲು ಕೊಠಡಿಯಲ್ಲೇ ಅಸುನೀಗಿದ್ದ. ಆ ದಿನವೇ ಫೀಲ್ಡನ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಷ್ಯಾಬ್ ಇವರಿಗೆ ವಿಧಿಸಿದ್ದ ಗಲ್ಲುಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಜೀವಾವಧಿ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆಯಾಗಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಒಂದು ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊರಡಿಸಿದ್ದು ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ. ಇನ್ನುಳಿದ ನಾಲ್ವರನ್ನು ದಿ|| 11-11-1887ರಂದು ನೇಣುಕಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಏರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಾಯಕರ ತ್ಯಾಗ ಅಮರವಾಗಿದೆ, ಈ ರೋಮಾಂಚಕಾರಿ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಆಂದೋಲನದ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ತಾಕ್ಷರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದಿಡಲಾದ ಅಮರ ದಾಖಲಾಗಿದೆ. ವಿಶ್ವ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರ ನಿರಂತರ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿಯ ಸೆಲೆಯಾಗಿದೆ.

ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ - ಎಂಟು ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಕೆಲಸದ ದಿನದ ಹೋರಾಟ - ಇದರ ಮಹತ್ವವನ್ನು ವಿಶ್ವದಲ್ಲೇ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸಮಾಜವಾದಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ, ರಷ್ಯಾ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಿ ನಾಯಕ ಲೆನಿನ್ ಬಣ್ಣಿಸಿದ್ದು ಹೀಗೆ: "ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ ಒಂದು ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲ. ಶೋಷಿತವರ್ಗಗಳ ಹಾಗೂ ದೇಶಗಳ ವಿಮೋಚನೆಗಾಗಿ ನಡೆಸಬೇಕಾದ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಿ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳು, ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಹೋರಾಟಗಳು, ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಹಿ ವಿರೋಧಿ ಅಂತಾರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕವರ್ಗದ ಹೋರಾಟ, ಇವುಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಅವಶ್ಯವಾದ ಚೈತನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಬೆಳೆಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾದ ಮಹತ್ವದ ದಿನ ಇದು. ತಮಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ದಿನನಿತ್ಯದ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಣ್ಣ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಆಂದೋಲನ ನಡೆಸುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭವಲ್ಲ ಇದು. ಇಂಥವು ವರ್ಷಾದ್ಯಂತ ಇದ್ದೇಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಈ ಅಂತರವನ್ನು ಅರಿತುಕೊಂಡು ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಆಚರಿಸುವುದು ಅತ್ಯವಶ್ಯ" ಎಂದು.

ಪ್ರಚಲಿತ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತತೆ

"ವಿಶ್ವದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರೇ ಒಂದಾಗಿರಿ, ಒಂದಾಗಿರಿ" - ಇದು ವಿಶ್ವಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಧ್ಯೇಯವಾಕ್ಯ. ಹಾಗಾದರೆ ಏತಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ವಿಶ್ವದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಒಂದಾಗಬೇಕು?" ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ - "ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಸಮಾಜವಾದೀ ಸಮಾಜದ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ" ಎಂದು. 2008ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅಮೆರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೀವ್ರ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಮುಗ್ಗಟ್ಟು ಸಂಭವಿಸಿ, ಇದು ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಹಬ್ಬಿ, ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಹಿ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯು ಕುಸಿಯುತ್ತಿರುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಿದೆ. ಇದು ಸಮಾಜವಾದೀ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ ಯೋಗ್ಯಕಾಲವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ವಿಶ್ವದ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಒಂದಾಗಿ ಈ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಅಣಿಯಾಗಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯಾನಂತರ 62 ವರುಷಗಳು ಕಳೆದರೂ ಪ್ರಜಾಸತ್ತೆಯ - ಸಮಾಜವಾದದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಮುಖವಾಡ ಧರಿಸಿ, ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ - ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಶಾಹಿ ಶೋಷಣಾಮಯ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು, ಅಸಮಾನತೆ-ಅನ್ಯಾಯ-ಶೋಷಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಶಾಶ್ವತಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಆಳುವವರ್ಗಗಳ (ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ - ಭೂಮಾಲಕವರ್ಗಗಳ) ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕೊನೆಗೊಳಿಸಲು, ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿಯ ಶೋಷಿತ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಹಾಗೂ ಇತರ ಎಲ್ಲ ಶೋಷಿತ ವರ್ಗಗಳು ಒಂದಾಗಿ, ಈ ಶೋಷಕವರ್ಗದ ಅಮಾನುಷ ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೆ ಅಂತ್ಯಹಾಡದಿದ್ದರೆ, ಸಂವಿಧಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಘೋಷಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಸಮಾಜವಾದವು ಕೇವಲ ಕಾಗದದ ಆಶ್ವಾಸನೆಯಾದೀತೇ ಹೊರತು, ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ವಾಸ್ತವಿಕತೆಯಾಗಲಾರದು. ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಈ ಮೇ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆಯ ಸಂದೇಶ, ಶೋಷಿತ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕರು ಒಗ್ಗೂಡಿ, ವರ್ಗಹೋರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಂದಾಗಿ, ಸಮಾಜವಾದಿ ಸಮಾಜ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೆ ಕಂಕಣಬದ್ಧರಾಗಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿದೆ.

Saraswati samman 2017 yashaschndra

Renowned Gujarati poet Sitanshu Yashaschandra was on April 28, 2018 chosen for the 2017 Saraswati Samman for his collection of verses (poetry) titled ‘Vakhar’, published in 2009. The collection 'Vakhar' engages with larger and more immediate human conditions.

Yashaschandra was selected for this 27th edition of the award by a high level Chayan Parishad Selection Committee, presided over by former secretary general of Lok Sabha Subhash C Kashyap.

About Sitanshu Yashaschandra

• Born in 1941 in Gujarat’s Bhuj district, Yashaschandra is one of the most eminent representatives of contemporary Gujarati literature.

• He has three poetry collections to his credit namely, Odysseusnu Halesu, Jatayu, and Vakhar. 

• He has also authored 10 books of plays and three books of criticism.

• Yashaschandra has also been the recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award, Kabir Samman and Padma Shri award among others.

About Saraswati Samman

• Instituted in 1991, the Saraswati Samman recognises outstanding literary work every year written in any Indian language and published during the last 10 years.

• The recipients of the award are granted with the cash prize of Rs 15 lakhs, a citation and a plaque.

• The previous year winner of the Saraswati Samman was Konkani novelist Mahabaleshwar Sail.

 

Peace Mission-2018 (SCO)

In a first, India and Pakistan will jointly take part in 'Peace Mission-2018', a multi-nation counter-terror war game, under the aegis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in Russia in August 2018.

Peace Mission-2018 will also see the participation of China, Russia and other SCO countries. The exercise will be held in the Chelyabinsk region of Russia from August 22 to August 29, 2018. 

Though, troops from India and Pakistan have worked together in UN missions and operations, Indian soldiers have never actively participated in a multilateral exercise that included Pakistan in the past. 

India's participation in the exercise was confirmed by Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. 

Highlights of the Peace Mission-2018

• Peace Mission-2018 will be conducted under the framework of the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), which is headquartered in Tashkent (Uzbekistan).

• The exercise will be aimed at bolstering counter-terror cooperation among the member countries. 

• It will see joint mock drills to eliminate terrorists and their networks, and interventions in hostage situations.

What is Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and when did India join the group?

• The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), a China-dominated security grouping, was constituted in 2001 at a summit in Shanghai by the Presidents of Russia, China, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

• Now, the group has eight full members including India, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. 

• Apart from these eight members, four nations have been accorded 'observer' status, while six others are 'dialogue' partners. 

• India and Pakistan were initially admitted as observers of the grouping in 2005; however, both the countries were admitted as full members in 2017. 

• India's membership was strongly pushed by Russia while Pakistan's entry into the grouping was supported by China.

 

The Indus water treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960, by then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.

According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej — was given to India, while control over the water flowing in three "western" rivers of India — the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum — to Pakistan.

More controversial, however, were the provisions on how the waters were to be shared. Since Pakistan's rivers receive more water flow from India, the treaty allowed India to use western rivers water for limited irrigation use and unrestricted use for power generation, domestic, industrial and non consumptive uses such as navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. while laying down precise regulations for India to build projects.

The preamble of the treaty declares that the objectives of the treaty are recognizing rights & obligations of each country in settlement of water use from the Indus rivers system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation contrary to the fears of Pakistan that India could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times of war since substantial water inflows of the Indus basin rivers are from India.

As per the provisions in the treaty, India can use only 20% of the total water carried by the Indus.

PERMANENT INDUS COMMISSION

The countries agreed to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty.

For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country.

It would follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters.

The Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection, exchange of data and visits.

The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin.

Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works.

The annual inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent.

In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration or a neutral technical expert is called in for arbitration.

DISPUTES RELATED TO THE TREATY

Pakistan has lodged a fresh complaint with World Bank over a run-of-the-river project on Kishanganga River in Jammu and Kashmir. It has also raised a dispute over construction of Ratle Dam over Chenab River.

The World Bank, which brokered the Indus Water Treaty in 1960, acts as mediator in such disputes. Pakistan has complained that the Kishanganga project violates the treaty and demanded setting up of a Court of Arbitration.

India had taken strong exception to the World Bank’s decision to set up a Court of Arbitration to look into Pakistan’s complaint against it over Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects in Jammu and Kashmir.

Meanwhile, World Bank has paused the separate processes initiated by India and Pakistan under the Indus Waters Treaty to allow the two countries to consider alternative ways to resolve their disagreements.

The treaty has not considered Gujarat state in India as part of the Indus river basin. The Indus river is entering the Great Rann of Kutch area and feeding in to Kori Creek during floods. At the time of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960, the Great Rann of Kutch area was disputed territory between the two nations which was later settled in the year 1968 by sharing totaldisputed area in 9:1 ratio between India and Pakistan. Without taking consent from India, Pakistan has constructed Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project passing through the Great Rann of Kutch area with the assistance from the world bank. LBOD's purpose is to bypass the saline and polluted water which is not fit for agriculture use to reach sea via Rann of Kutch area without passing through its Indus delta. Water released by the LBOD is enhancing the flooding in India and contaminating the quality of water bodies which are source of water to salt farms spread over vast area. The LBOD water is planned to join the sea via disputed Sir Creek but LBOD water is entering Indian territory due to many breaches in its left bank caused by floods. Gujarat state of India beingthe lower most riparian part of Indus basin, Pakistan is bound to provide all the details of engineering works taken up by Pakistan to India as per the provisions of the treaty and shall not proceed with the project works till the disagreements are settled by arbitration process.

IISc tops HRD Ministry’s rankings for national institutes in 2018

The Ministry of Human Resource Development released its ranking of national institutes for 2018 on Tuesday. The HRD has adopted the National Institutional Ranking Framework, which ranks the best colleges and universities in India.

Here are the rankings.

Overall

Rank	Institute
1	Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
2	IIT Madras, Chennai
3	IIT Bombay, Mumbai
4	IIT Delhi, New Delhi
5	IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
6	Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
7	IIT Kanpur, Kanpur
8	IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
9	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
10	Anna University, Chennai

 

Engineering institutions

Rank	Institute
1	IIT Madras, Chennai
2	IIT Bombay, Mumbai
3	IIT Delhi, New Delhi
4	IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
5	IIT Kanpur, Kanpur
6	IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
7	IIT Guwahati, Guwahati
8	Anna University, Chennai
9	IIT Hyderabad, Hyderabad
10	Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai

 

Management institutes

Rank	Institute
1	IIM Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad
2	IIM Bangalore, Bengaluru
3	IIT Calcutta, Kolkata
4	IIM Lucknow, Lucknow
5	IIT Bombay, Mumbai
6	IIM Kozhikode, Kozhikode
7	IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
8	IIT Delhi, New Delhi
9	IIT Roorkee, Roorkee
10	XLRI, Jamshedpur

 

Universities

Rank	Institute
1	Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
2	Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
3	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
4	Anna University, Chennai
5	University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad
6	Jadavpur University, Kolkata
7	University of Delhi, New Delhi
8	Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore
9	Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
10	Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

 

Medical institutions

Rank	Institute
1	All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
2	Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
3	Christian Medical College, Vellore
4	Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
5	King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
6	JIPMER, Puducherry
7	Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
8	Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi
9	Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
10	Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai

 

Colleges

Rank	Institute
1	Miranda House, New Delhi
2	St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi
3	Bishop Hebar College, Tiruchi
4	Hindu College, New Delhi
5	Presidency College, Chennai
6	Loyola College, Chennai
7	Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi
8	Lady Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi
9	Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Howrah
10	Madras Christian College, Chennai

MoU agreements-signed-india-king-jordon

S. No.Name of MoUs/AgreementsDescription

1.MoU on Defence Cooperation
Purpose of the MoU is to promote cooperation between India and Jordan in the field of Defence by defining the scope of such cooperation and making provisions for implementation of the cooperation in some of the recognized areas like training; defence industry; counter-terrorism; military studies; cyber security; military medical services, peace-keeping etc.

2.Visa waiver for diplomatic and official passport holders
This Agreement provides for permitting the diplomats and Official passport holders of India and Jordan to enter into, exit and transit through the territory of each other without requirement of visa.

3.Cultural Exchange Programme (CEP)
This programme for the period 2018-2022 provides for exchanges between India and Jordan in the areas of music and dance; theatre; exhibition, seminars and conference; archaeology; archives, library, museum, literature, research and documentation; Science museums; festivals; mass media, and; youth programs.

4.Manpower Cooperation Agreement
This MoU provides for cooperation between India and Jordan with a view to promote best practices in the administration of the cycle of contract employment of the Indian nationals in Jordan.

5.MoU for cooperation in the field of Health and Medicine between India and Jordan
The objective of this MoU is to establish and encourage cooperation in the fields of health, medical science, medical education and research on the basis of equality and mutual benefits in accordance with respective legislations and regulations of India and Jordan. The various recognized areas of mutual cooperation include Universal Health Coverage (UHC); Services and IT in Health; Health Research; National Health Statistics; Diagnosis, Treatment and Medication of TB, and; Regulation of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices etc.

6.MoU for setting up of the next generation Centre of Excellence (COE) in Jordan
Purpose is to set up next generation Centre of Excellence (COE) in Jordan for training of minimum 3000 Jordanian IT professionals over a period of 5 years, and setting up of resource centre in India for Training of Master trainers in IT field from Jordan.

7.MoU for long term supply of Rock Phosphate and Fertilizer/NPK
The purpose of the MoU is mining and beneficiation of rock phosphate and setting up of production facility in Jordan for Phosphoric acid/DAP/NPK fertilizers, with a long term agreement for 100% off-take to India. Such anMoU ensures long term and sustained supply of rock phosphates to India.

8.Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement
This Agreement provides for mutual assistance between India and Jordan to ensure proper application of the customs legislations in the two countries to prevent custom offences and for smooth exchange of accurate information regarding custom duties, taxes, fees and other charges levied by custom administration.

9.Twining Agreement between Agra and Petra (Jordan)
By this Agreement, the two municipalities of Agra and Petra pronounced to work jointly for promotion of social relations by identifying the activities for mutual cooperation in tourism, culture, sports and economic sectors.

10.Cooperation between Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) and Jordan Media Institute (JMI)
The purpose of this MoU is development of joint projects between the two institutes; joint organization of academic and scientific activities, and; exchange of staff, students and materials of common interest.

11.MoU between PrasarBharati and Jordan TV
This MoU provides for cooperation between PrasarBharati and Jordan Radio and TV Corporation to cooperate in the fields of exchange and co-production of programs, training of personnel and further coordination.

12.MoU between University of Jordan (UJ) and ICCR regarding setting up of a Hindi Chair at the University
 This MoU lays down the basis and other conditions for cooperation between ICCR and UJ in establishment and functioning of the ICCR Chair for Hindi language in UJ.

9 new scheem announced in union budget 2018-19

*Government_Scheme*

*✍🏻 9 New Schemes announced in UnionBudget 2018 -19*

📍📍📍📍📍📍📍📍📍📍

▪️Union Finance minister Arun Jaitley presented Union Budget 2018 in Parliament. It is last full budget of Narendra Modi Government before 2019 Lok Sabha elections. Several new schemes were announced. Some of them are

*✅ National Health Protection Scheme*

▪️National Health Protection Scheme (Ayushman Bharat Scheme) will cover 10 crore poor and vulnerable families. Under it, up to Rs 5 lakh insurance cover will be provided to each family per year in secondary and tertiary care institutions. It will have 50 crore beneficiaries. It will be world’s largest government-funded healthcare programme.

*✅ Operation Green*

▪️It will be launched with an allocation of Rs 500 crore on the lines of Operation Flood. It aims to promote farmer producers organisations, processing facilities, agri-logistics and professional management. It also aims to aid farmers and help control and limit erratic fluctuations in the prices of tomatoes, onions and potatoes (TOP). It is essentially price fixation scheme that aims to ensure farmers are given the right price for their produce. The idea behind it is to double the income of farmers by the end of 2022.

*✅ Eklavya School*

▪️Eklavya schools will be established for scheduled caste (SC) and schedule tribe students by 2022 on the lines of Navodaya schools. They will be model residential schools set up in each Block. It will in areas with more than 50% tribal areas and 20,000 tribal people. These schools will be part of Navodaya Vidyalayas. It will provide training in sports and skill development. It has special facilities for preserving local art and culture.

*✅ Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education (RISE) Scheme*

▪️RISE scheme aims to lend low-cost funds to government higher educational institutions. It will be launched with a total investment of Rs. 1 lakh crore in the next four years. It will be financed via restructured higher education financing agency (HEFA), a non-banking financial company. Join Telegram Channel DailyGKZone.

*✅ Prime Minister Fellowship Scheme*

▪️It is aimed at facilitating cutting edge research by provide high fellowship amounts to 1000 B. Tech students to pursue PhD in IITs and IISc. Its purpose is to make to produce better research in India and make its institutions climb up in global rankings.

*✅ Kisan Credit Card to Fishermen and Cattle owners*

▪️Kisan Credit Card was extended to fishermen and cattle owners. It will enable them to avail the easier loans. It will help people associated with milk production business in rural areas by providing financial assistance and also to fisheries.

*✅ Affordable Housing Fund (AHF)*

▪️Affordable Housing Fund (AHF) will be created under National Housing Bank (NHB). It will be funded from priority sector lending shortfall and fully serviced bonds authorised by Central Government. Beyond this, he did not elaborate about the proposed Fund. It will be used to construct one crore households in the rural areas Pradhanmantri Awas Yojana.

*✅ Gobar-Dhan Yojna*

▪️Gobar-Dhan Yojana (also known as Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resource Fund scheme) aims to improve lives of the villagers. Under it, solid waste of dung and fields will be changed into compost, biogas and bio-CNG.

*✅ National Bamboo Mission*

▪️Rs. 1,290 crore will be allocated under this scheme to help development of bamboo production as an industry in the country. This will help the people of rural and tribal areas.

ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟುಗಳು

✳️ *ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿನ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟುಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ:* ✳️

*===========*
*ರಾಜ್ಯ-ಹೆಸರು-ನದಿ ಹೆಸರು*

*===========*
*===========*

*ತೆಲಂಗಾಣ-ನಿಜಾಮ್ಸಾಗರ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಮಂಜೀರಾ ನದಿ*
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*ಆಂಧ್ರಪ್ರದೇಶ- ಸೋಮಶಿಲಾ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಪೆನ್ನಾರ್ ನದಿ*
=============
*ಆಂಧ್ರಪ್ರದೇಶ-ಶ್ರೀಶೈಲಂ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಕೃಷ್ಣ ನದಿ*
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*ತೆಲಂಗಾಣ-ಸಿಂಗೂರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಮಂಜೀರಾ ನದಿ*
===========
*ಗುಜರಾತ್-ಉಕೈ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ತಪತಿ ನದಿ*
=========
*ಗುಜರಾತ್-ಧಾರೊಯಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಸಬರಮತಿ ನದಿ*
=========
*ಗುಜರಾತ್-ಕದನಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಮಾಹಿ ನದಿ*
=========
*ಗುಜರಾತ್-ದಾಂಟಿವಾಡಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಬನಸ್ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ-ಪಾಂಡೋಹ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಬೀಸ್ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಪಂಜಾಬ್ ಬಾರ್ಡರ್-ಭಾಕ್ರಾ ನಂಗಲ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಸಟ್ಲೀಜ್ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ-ನಥ್ಪ ಝಾಕ್ರಿ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಸಟ್ಲಜ್ ನದಿ*
============
*ಹಿಮಾಚಲ ಪ್ರದೇಶ-ಚೇಮರಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ರವಿ ನದಿ*
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*ಜಮ್ಮು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ-ಬಾಗ್ಲಿಹಾರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಚೆನಾಬ್ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಜಮ್ಮು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ-ದುಮ್ಕರ್ ಹೈಡ್ರೊಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಇಂಡಸ್ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಜಮ್ಮು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ-ಯುರಿ ಹೈಡ್ರೋಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಝೀಲಂ ನದಿ*
===========
*ಜಾರ್ಖಂಡ್-ಮೈಥಾನ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಬರಾಕರ್ ನದಿ*
=========
*ಜಾರ್ಖಂಡ್-ಚಂಡಿಲ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಸ್ವರ್ಣರೇಖಾ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಜಾರ್ಖಂಡ್-ಪ್ಯಾಚೆಟ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ದಾಮೋದರ ನದಿ*
===========
*ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ತುಂಗಾ ಭಾದ್ರ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ತುಂಗಭದ್ರ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ಲಿಂಗನಮಕ್ಕಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಶರಾವತಿ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ಕದ್ರಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಕಳಿನಾಡಿ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ಅಲಮಟ್ಟಿ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಕೃಷ್ಣ ನದಿ*
==========
*ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ಸುಪ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಕಾಲಿನಾಡಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕಾಳಿ ನದಿ*
===========
*ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ಕೃಷ್ಣ ರಾಜ-ಸಾಗರಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು*
=========
*ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ-ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ-ಹರಾಂಗಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು*
===========
*ಹರಾಂಗಿ ನದಿ-ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ*
=========
*ನಾರಾಯಣಪುರ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು -ಕೃಷ್ಣ ನದಿ-ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ*
=========
*ಕೊಡಸಲ್ಲಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಕಾಳಿ ನದಿ-ಕೇರಳ*
============
*ಮಲಂಪುಳಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಮಲಂಪುಳಾ ನದಿ-ಕೇರಳ*
============
*ಪೀಚಿ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಮನಾಲಿ ನದಿ- ಕೇರಳ*
==========
*ಇಡುಕ್ಕಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಪೆರಿಯಾರ್ ನದಿ- ಕೇರಳ*
===========
*ಕುಂಡಲ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಕುಂಡಲ ಸರೋವರ-ಕೇರಳ*
==========
*ಪರಾಂಬಿಕುಲಂ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಪರಾಂಬಿಕುಲಂ ನದಿ-ಕೇರಳ*
==========
*ವಾಲಾಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ವಾಲಾಯರ್ ನದಿ-ಕೇರಳ*
=========
*ಮುಲ್ಲಪೆರಿಯಾರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಪೆರಿಯಾರ್ ನದಿ- ಕೇರಳ*
==========
*ನೆಯ್ಯರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ನೆಯ್ಯರ್ ನದಿ-ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಮಧ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಅಂಚು*
===========
*ರಾಜ್ಘಾಟ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಬೆಟ್ವಾ ನದಿ*

*ಮಧ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶ*
===========
*ಬರ್ನಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಬರ್ನಾ ನದಿ-ಮಧ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶ*
============
*ಬರ್ಗಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ನರ್ಮದಾ ನದಿ-ಮಧ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶ*
=============
*ಬನ್ಸಗರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಸೋನೆ ನದಿ-ಮಧ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶ*
===========
*ಗಾಂಧಿ ಸಾಗರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಚಂಬಲ್ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
=========
*ಯೆಲ್ದಾರಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಪುರ್ನಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
=========
*ಉಜನಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಭೀಮಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
==========
*ಪವ್ನ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಮಾವಲ್ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
=========
*ಮುಲ್ಶಿ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಮೂಲಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
==========
*ಕೊಯ್ನಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಕೊಯ್ನಾ ನದಿ- ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
=========
*ಜಯಕ್ವಾಡಿ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಗೋದಾವರಿ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
========
*ಭಟ್ಸಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಭಟ್ಸಾ ನದಿ- ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
=========
*ವಿಲ್ಸನ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಪ್ರವಾಹ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
========
*ತಾನ್ಸಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ತಾನ್ಸಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
=========
*ಪನ್ಶೇತ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಅಂಬಿ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
==========
*ಮುಲಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಮೂಲಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
==========
*ಕೊಲ್ಕೆವಾಡಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ವಶಿಷ್ಠ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
==========
*ಗಿರ್ನಾ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಗಿರಾನಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
========
*ವೈತರ್ನಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ವೈತರ್ಣ ನದಿ-ತೆಲಂಗಾಣ*
========
*ರಾಧಾನಾಗರಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಭೋಗಾವತಿ ನದಿ-ತೆಲಂಗಾಣ*
=======
*ಲೋವರ್ ಮನೇರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಮನೇರ್ ನದಿ-ತೆಲಂಗಾಣ*
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*ಮಿಡ್ ಮನೇರ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು- ಮನೇರ್ ನದಿ ಮತ್ತು ಎಸ್ಆರ್ಪಿಪಿ ಪ್ರವಾಹ ಪ್ರವಾಹ ಕಾಲುವೆ-ತೆಲಂಗಾಣ*
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*ಮೇಲ್ ಮನೇರ್ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ಮನೇರ್ ನದಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕುದ್ಲೈರ್ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
==========
*ಖಾದಕ್ವಾಸ್ಲಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಮುತಾ ನದಿ-ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ*
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*ಗಂಗಾಪುರ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಗೋದಾವರಿ ನದಿ-ಆಂಧ್ರಪ್ರದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಒಡಿಶಾ ಗಡಿ*
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*ಜಲಪುಟ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಮಚ್ಚುಂಡ್ ನದಿ- ಒಡಿಶಾ*
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*ಇಂದ್ರವಾತಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಇಂದ್ರವಾತಿ ನದಿ-ಒಡಿಶಾ*
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*ಹಿರಕುಡ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟಿನ-ಮಹಾನದಿ ನದಿ- ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು*
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*ವೈಗೈ ಡ್ಯಾಮ್-ವೈಗೈ ನದಿ- ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು*
========
*ಪರುಂಚನಿ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಪಾರಾಯಯರ್ ನದಿ- ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು*
==========
*ಮೆಟ್ಟೂರು ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ-ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ*
==========
*ಗೋವಿಂದ ಬಲ್ಲಭ್ ಪಂತ್ ಸಾಗರ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು ಸಹ ರಿಹಂಡ್ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ರಿಹಂಡ್ ನದಿ-ಉತ್ತರಾಖಂಡ್*
========
*ತೆಹ್ರಿ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಭಾಗಿರಥಿ ನದಿ-ಉತ್ತರಾಖಂಡ್*
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*ಧೌಲಿ ಗಂಗಾ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟು-ಧೌಲಿ ಗಂಗಾ ನದಿ*
========

ಕಾವೇರಿ ತೀರ್ಪು -14.75 TMC ಹೆಚ್ವುವರಿ ಲಾಭ

ಬಿಗ್ ನ್ಯೂಸ್: ಕಾವೇರಿ ತೀರ್ಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಶುಭ ಸುದ್ದಿ - ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ 14.75 ಟಿ.ಎಂ.ಸಿ. ನೀರು ಲಭ್ಯ

Friday, 16 Feb, 2018

ನವದೆಹಲಿ: ಇಡೀ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಕುತೂಹಲದಿಂದ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ ನೀರು ಹಂಚಿಕೆ ಕುರಿತ ತೀರ್ಪು ಹೊರಬಿದ್ದಿದ್ದು, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ 14.75 ಟಿ.ಎಂ.ಸಿ. ನೀರು ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿಯಾಗಿ ನೀಡಿದೆ. ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಪ್ರದೇಶವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದೆ. 1924 ರ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದೆ.

ಕಳೆದ 5 ತಿಂಗಳಿಂದ ಕಾವೇರಿ ಕಣಿವೆಯ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ತೀರ್ಪಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾದಿದ್ದವು.

ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಮುಖ್ಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಮೂರ್ತಿ ದೀಪಕ್ ಮಿಶ್ರಾ, ನ್ಯಾಯಮೂರ್ತಿಗಳಾದ ಅಮಿತವ್ ರಾಯ್, ಎ.ಎಂ. ಖನ್ವೀಲ್ಕರ್ ಅವರನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡ ತ್ರಿಸದಸ್ಯ ಪೀಠ ತೀರ್ಪು ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಿದೆ.

1990 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾವೇರಿ ಜಲವಿವಾದ ನ್ಯಾಯಮಂಡಳಿ ರಚಿಸಿದ್ದು, 17 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ ವಿಚಾರಣೆ ನಡೆಸಿ 2007 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಐತೀರ್ಪು ನೀಡಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಐತೀರ್ಪಿನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಒಪ್ಪದೇ ಕಾವೇರಿ ಕಣಿವೆಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ, ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು, ಪಾಂಡಿಚೇರಿ, ಕೇರಳ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಮೇಲ್ಮನವಿ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದ್ದವು.

ಈ ಮೇಲ್ಮನವಿ ಅರ್ಜಿಯ ವಿಚಾರಣೆ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ತ್ರಿಸದಸ್ಯ ಪೀಠ ಇಂದು ಮಹತ್ವದ ತೀರ್ಪು ನೀಡಿದೆ.

120 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ನೀರು ಹಂಚಿಕೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಕೆಂದು ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ಬಯಸಿದ್ದರೆ, ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ ಚೌಕಾಸಿ ಮಾಡುವ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಇದೆ. ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ಪ್ರೆಸಿಡೆನ್ಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷರು, ಮೈಸೂರು ಮಹಾರಾಜರನ್ನು ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು. ಅದನ್ನು ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸಬೇಕೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಯೋಚಿಸಬೇಕಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದೆ.

ನದಿಗಳು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಪತ್ತು. ಯಾವುದೇ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಹಕ್ಕು ಹೊಂದಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಸಮಾನ ಹಂಚಿಕೆ ತತ್ವ ಪಾಲಿಸಬೇಕೆಂದು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಹೇಳಿದೆ.

ಪಾಂಡಿಚೇರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕೇರಳಕ್ಕೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ನೀರಿನ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಸರಿ ಇದೆ. 20 ಟಿ.ಎಂ.ಸಿ. ಅಂತರ್ಜಲವನ್ನು ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಬೇಕು. ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ 14.5 ಟಿ.ಎಂ.ಸಿ. ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ನೀರು ನೀಡಬೇಕೆಂದು ಹೇಳಿದೆ.



T,K,Vishwanathan committee

TK Viswanathan Committee Recommendations on Curbing Hate Speech on Internet (Important) (November 7, 2017) Expert committee headed by former Lok Sabha secretary general TK Viswanathan suggested steps to deal with cybercrimes especially online hate speech in its report to Union Home Ministry.

Image of Hate Speech on Internet About the Committee Committee was formed after Supreme Court struck down Section 66 A of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000 in Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India. Section 66 A of IT Act was added to criminalize sending of offensive messages through a computer or other communication devices. Recommendations of Viswanathan Committee Deal with fomenting trouble or spreading hate against anybody on rounds of religion, race, caste or community, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, language, place of birth or residence, disability or tribe through any means of communication by: Appoint cybercrime coordinators in all states Establish cybercrime cells in each district. Replace some clauses of the IT Act, 2000 and amend some sections of IPC like 153 (want only giving provocation with intent to cause riot) and 505A (false and mischievous reports intended to upset public tranquility) to deal with online hate crimes. Punishment under amended clause dealing with prohibiting incitement to hatred of two years imprisonment or fine of Rs. 5, 000 or both. Offences under amended Section 505A be punishable with imprisonment of up to one year or fine or Rs. 5, 000 or both. State cybercrime coordinator should be an officer not below the rank of Inspector General of Police (IGP). District cybercrime cell should be headed by an officer not below the rank of sub-inspector of police. Background on Hate Crime Union Home Ministry constituted committee under former Law Secretary TK Viswanathan for establishing effective legal framework to deal with cybercrimes related to hate speech on internet. It had members from Law Ministry, CBI, and Ministry of Home Affairs. Studied and examined existing domestic cyber laws and international cyber legislations to propose measures, amendments to present laws. Viswanathan Committee Mandate Recommend amendments to Information Technology Act, 2000 and corresponding provisions in IPC, CrPC and Evidence Act for strong legal framework to fight cybercrimes. Draw a roadmap taking into account the need of legal competence and expertise on cyber laws from considering investigation, prosecution, and judiciary.

4 february: World cancer day

4 February: World Cancer Day

The World Cancer Day was observed across the world on February 4, 2018 with an aim to unite the world’s population in the fight against cancer. The theme for the World Cancer Day 2016-2018 is ‘We can. I can.’

The theme throws light on how everyone, as a collective or as individuals, can do their part to reduce the global burden of cancer.

The day is observed every year with an aim to save millions of preventable deaths by raising awareness and education about the disease, pressing governments and individuals across the world to take action.

Facts about Cancer
• Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.

• The number of new cases is expected to rise by about 70 per cent over the next 2 decades.

• Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015.

• Around one third of deaths from cancer are due to the 5 leading behavioral and dietary risks: high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use and alcohol use.

• Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for cancer and is responsible for approximately 22 per cent of cancer deaths.

• Cancer causing infections, such as hepatitis and human papilloma virus (HPV), are responsible for up to 25 per cent of cancer cases in low- and middle-income countries.

• The economic impact of cancer is significant and is increasing. The total annual economic cost of cancer in 2010 was estimated at approximately USD 1.16 trillion.

• Only 1 in 5 low- and middle-income countries have the necessary data to drive cancer policy.

About World Cancer Day
• World Cancer Day was proclaimed by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), a leading international non-governmental organisation.

• It was established to support the goals of the World Cancer Declaration written in 2008.

• The primary goal of the day is to significantly reduce illness and death caused by cancer by 2020. It also aims at raising awareness of cancer and to encourage its prevention, detection and treatment.

Jal Marg Vikas project on river Ganga

Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) on February 2, 2018 signed a project agreement with the World Bank for Jal Marg Vikas Project on river Ganga.

World Bank entered into a USD 375 million loan agreement with the Department of Economic Affairs, Union Ministry of Finance for Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP).

Funding of the Jal Marg Vikas Project
The signing of the project agreement  follows the approval of  the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs for the implementation of the USD 800 million JMVP for capacity augmentation of navigation on National Waterway-1 (River Ganga) from Varanasi to Haldia. 

Out of the remaining amount, USD 380 million is to be sourced through the Union Government counterpart funds from budgetary allocation and proceeds from the bond issue. Another USD 45 million will come from private sector participation under the PPP mode.

Jal Marg Vikas Project, which is expected to be completed by March 2023, is being implemented with the financial and technical support of the World Bank. 

Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP)
• The Jal Marg Vikas Project aims to enable commercial navigation of vessels with the capacity of 1500 - 2000 tons on National Waterway-1.

• The development and operations of the National Waterway-1 project will lead to direct employment generation to the tune of 46000 and indirect employment of 84000 in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal. 

• The project includes development of fairway, Multi-Modal Terminals at Varanasi, Haldia and Sahibganj, strong river navigation system, modern River Information System (RIS), Digital Global Positioning System (DGPS), night navigation facilities, construction of a navigational lock at Farakka.

• The National Waterway-1 along with proposed Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor and National Highway-2 constitutes the Eastern Transport Corridor of India connecting the NCR with the eastern and north-eastern states.

• This waterway will function as a link to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Nepal and other east and south-east Asian countries through the Kolkata Port and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route. 

• The JMVP will result in an environment-friendly, fuel-efficient and cost-effective alternative mode of transportation, especially for bulk goods, hazardous goods and over-dimensional cargo.

Prelims KAS 2018

prelims KAS 2018

    28/01/2018

1. Who is the only chief minister of India who does not speak the regional language of the state ?

a) Pema Khandu, Arunachal Pradesh

b) Naveen Patnaik, Odisha

c) Manik Sarkar , Tripura

d) Lal Thanhawla , Mizoram

2. 1st Khelo India School Games held at

a) New Delhi

b) Hyderabad

c) Chennai

d) Dharmasthala

3. Recently , The Indian Navy launched the third Scorpene class submarine named as ___

a) INS Karanj

b) INS Khanderi

c) INS Kalvari

d) INS Kaveri

4. According to New World Wealth Report , India ranked ______  in the list of wealthiest countries.

a) 2nd

b) 4th

c) 6th

d) 8th

5. Which of the following launched the Zero Budget Natural Farming project to promote organic farming ?

a) Uttar Pradesh

b) Jammu & Kashmir

c) Himachal Pradesh

d) Punjab

Answer:

1.B

2.A

3.A

4.C

5.C

Economic survey 2018-19 main points

वित्त मंत्री अरुण जेटली ने 29 जनवरी 2018 को संसद के दोनों सदनों में आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण 2017-18 पेश किया. आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण, देश की अर्थव्यवस्था के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों से सम्बंधित आंकड़ों को बताता है. इस सर्वेक्षण के माध्यम से देश की आर्थिक स्थिति का सही आकलन किया जा सकता है. आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण को सरकार के अलावा, विद्यार्थी, शिक्षक, रिसर्च स्कॉलर और विदेशी सरकारें और विदेशी निवेशक भी बहुत ध्यान से पढ़ते है.
इस आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण के मुख्य बिंदु इस प्रकार हैं;
1. आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण-2018 में कहा गया है कि वित्त वर्ष 2018-19 के लिए आर्थिक विकास की दर 7% और 7.5% के बीच रहेगी  जबकि वित्त वर्ष 2017-18 के लिए विकास दर के 6.5% पर रहने का अनुमान लगाया गया है.
2. वित्त वर्ष 2018 के लिए कृषि विकास की दर 2.1% और इसी अवधि में उद्योग क्षेत्र की विकास दर 4.4% रहने की संभावना है.
3. वित्त वर्ष 2018 के लिए सेवा क्षेत्र की विकास दर 8.3% रहने की संभावना है जिसका फायदा आगे आने वाले वित्त वर्ष में सुधार के रूप में देखने को मिलेगा.
4. कुल बचत में निजी कॉर्पोरेट क्षेत्र का हिस्सा जो कि 2011-12 में GDP का 9.5% था; वह 2015-16 में बढ़कर GDP का 12% हो गया है.
5. वित्त वर्ष 2017-18 के लिए राजकोषीय घाटा 3.2% रहने का अनुमान लगाया गया है; जबकि कृषि की विकास दर 2.1% रह सकती है.
6. वित्त वर्ष 2018 में चालू खाता घाटा सकल घरेलू उत्पाद का 1.5 - 2% रहने की उम्मीद है, जबकि इसी अवधि में निर्यात की वृद्धि 12.1% रहने की उम्मीद है.
7. आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण में कहा गया है कि GST के लागू होने के कारण अप्रत्यक्ष कर देने वालों की संख्या में 50% की वृद्धि दर्ज की गयी है. इसमें सबसे ज्यादा वृद्धि स्वेच्छा से रजिस्ट्रेशन करने वालों की है.
8. सर्वेक्षण में यह अनुमान व्यक्त किया गया है कि यदि तेल की कीमत में 10 डॉलर प्रति बैरल की वृद्धि हो जाती है तो; यह GDP दर में 0.2-0.3% की कमी करती है, WPI आधारित मुद्रा स्फीति को 1.7% तक बढाती है और चालू खाता घाटा को लगभग 9-10 अरब डॉलर का नुकसान पहुंचता है.
9. सर्वेक्षण में कहा गया है कि भारत को 2040 तक बुनियादी ढांचा में निवेश के लिए लगभग 4.5 ट्रिलियन डॉलर की आवश्यकता होगी.
10. 'भारत नेट' और 'डिजिटल इंडिया' कार्यक्रमों का मुख्य उद्येश्य भारत को डिजिटल अर्थव्यवस्था में परिवर्तित करना है. सितंबर 2017 के अंत तक ,भारत में टेलीफोन ग्राहकों की संख्या 1207 मिलियन थी जिसमे 502 मिलियन कनेक्शन ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में और 705 मिलियन शहरी क्षेत्रों में थे.
11. 30 नवम्बर 2017 तक भारत में 330,861 मेगावाट विद्युत उत्पादन किया जाता था.
12. ग्रामीण भारत में स्वच्छता कवरेज 2014 में 39% से बढ़कर जनवरी 2018 में 76% हो गया है.
13. नवंबर 2016 से अक्टूबर, 2017 तक की अवधि में देश में औसत मुद्रास्फीति (CPI) 3.7% दर्ज हुई है.
14. भारत का विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार; दिसम्बर 2016 से दिसंबर, 2017 की अवधि में 14% की सालाना वृद्धि दर्ज करता हुआ 409.4 बिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर तक पहुंच गया था.
15. सितम्बर 2017 के अंत तक भारत के ऊपर बाह्य ऋण (external debt) 495.7 अरब अमेरिकी डॉलर था.
इस प्रकार आपने इस सर्वेक्षण में पढ़ा कि अर्थव्यवस्था के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों की क्या स्थिति है और आगे आने वाले समय में अर्थव्यवस्था किस दिशा में आगे बढ़ेगी.

जानें सरकार हर वर्ष बजट क्यों पेश करती है?

Union Budget 2018 Fiscal Expenditure & Taxation Reforms

Union Budget 2018: Fiscal Expenditure & Taxation Reforms

The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 presented the Union Budget 2018 in the parliament. In the independent India, this is the 88th budget and the fifth of the Modi Government. Arun Jailtley announced following initiatives:

Fiscal Expenditure

• The total expenditure of the Union government is Rs 21.57 lakh crore.

• The projected fiscal deficit of the FY 2018-19 is 3.3 per cent of the GDP.

Taxation Reforms

• In previous years, the growth rate of direct taxes have been significant. Till January 2018, growth rate of 18.7 per cent was recorded. Over 85 lakh new taxpayers filed their returns. The number of effective taxpayers increased from 6.47 lakh crore to 8.27 lakh crore in the previous financial year.

• The excess revenue from personal income tax is Rs 90000 crore.

• No changes in personal income tax slabs.

• Majorly, the personal income tax collection comes from the salaried class. Around 1.89 crore returns were filed in 2017 and Rs 1.44 lakh crore was paid as taxes.

• 100 per cent tax deduction to farmer-producer companies having Rs 100 crore turnover.

• Corporate tax will be reduced to 25 per cent for companies having turnover of up to Rs 250 crore.

• Long term capital gains tax of 10 per cent will be levied for amount exceeding Rs 1 lakh.

• This year budget proposes a standard deduction of Rs 40000 for transport and medical reimbursements. The revenue cost of this reimbursements will be Rs 8000 crore.

• Exemption of interest income for deposits in banks and post offices will be increased from Rs 10000 to Rs 50000 for senior citizens. It applies to all fixed deposit schemes.

• All senior citizens will now be able to claim benefit of a deduction of Rs 50000 for any medical expenditure and can claim deduction of Rs 100000  for critical illnesses.

Duties
• Customs duty on mobile phones and parts of televisions will be increased to 20 per cent from 15 per cent.

• Customs duty on raw cashew will be reduced from 5 per cent to 2.5 per cent.

• The name of the Central Board of Excise and Customs will be changed to the Central Board of Direct Taxes and Customs.

• Electronic IT assessment will be rolled out across the country for greater efficiency and transparency.

• No more education cess on imported goods. Education cess will be replaced by social welfare surcharge of 10 per cent.

Union Budget 2018 Financial sector

Union Budget 2018: Financial Sector

The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 presented the Union Budget 2018 in the parliament. In the independent India, this will be the 88th budget and the fifth of the Modi Government.

This year's budget session is crucial as it comes after government's two big financial decisions - demonetisation and the implementation of Goods and Services Tax. It will be also NDA government's last full budget presentation before next year's Lok Sabha elections.

The Budget 2018 has identified Financial Sector as key driver of the economy. Accordingly, Arun Jailtley announced following initiatives:

• NITI Aayog will establish a National Programme to direct government's efforts in the area of Artificial Intelligence towards national development.

• The government will explore use of blockchain technology proactively to boost digital economy. However, the government will not consider cryptocurrency as legal tender.

• Individual Enterprises will now have their own unique IDs.

• System of toll payments by cash will be digitized.

• Government will be bringing out an industry-friendly defence production policy in this year.

• The Union Commerce Ministry will develop a National Logistics Portal as a single window program to boost the logistics sector.

• For the Financial Year 2018-19, disinvestment target of Rs 80000 crore has been set.

• Recapitalisation: The Union government will recapitalise public sector banks to help them lend an additional Rs 5 lakh crore.

• Unit Trust of India, Oriental Insurance and National Insurance will be merged and then listed.

• Gold Monetisation Scheme will be reworked with an aim to enable people to open hassle-free gold deposit accounts.

• Union Government will monetise selected central public sector enterprises using Infrastructure Investment Trusts.

Salaries of Members of Parliament (MPs)
• Emoluments will revised for the President to Rs 5 lakh, Rs 4lakh for Vice-President and Rs 3.5 lakh per month for Governors.

• Emoluments to MPs will be refixed with effect from April 1, 2018. The law will provide automatic revision of emoluments of MPs after every five years, indexed to inflation.

Union Budget 2018 Underprivileged

Union Budget 2018: Underprivileged

The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 presented the Union Budget 2018 in the parliament. In the independent India, this will be the 88th budget and the fifth of the Modi Sarkar.

This year's budget session is crucial as it comes after government's two big financial decisions - demonetisation and the implementation of Goods and Services Tax. It will be also NDA government's last full budget presentation before next year's Lok Sabha elections.

The lower and middle class have been the focus of the NDA Government during the last three years. Hence, accordingly Arun Jaitley announced the following initiatives in the Union Budget 2018:

• The government had launched Ujjwala Yojana earlier to make poor women free from the smoke of wood.

• Though initially, their target was to provide free LPG connections to about 5 crore poor women, the government has now proposed to increase the target to 8 crore poor women.

• Under Saubhagya Yojna, around 4 crore poor households are being provided with free electricity electricity connections at a cost of Rs 16000 crore

• Swachh Bharat Mission- Under the mission, Government has already constructed more than 6 crore toilets to enable proper hygiene and sanitation especially among women.  The government is now planning to construct 2 crore more toilets.

• The government plans to build houses for all the poor in the country by 2022. To ensure the same, it launched the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana in rural and urban areas of the country.

• Under the Yojana, 51 lakhs houses in year 2017-18 and 51 lakh houses during 2018-19 will be constructed exclusively in rural areas. In urban areas the assistance has been sanctioned to construct 37 lakh houses.

• The government has also established a dedicated Affordable Housing Fund (AHF) in National Housing Bank, funded from priority sector lending shortfall and fully serviced bonds authorised by the Government of India.

• The government also plans to increase the loans to Self Help Groups of women to Rs 75000 crore by March 2019.

• The government has also proposed to substantially increase the allocation of National Rural Livelihood Mission to Rs 5750 crore in 2018-19.

• Further, the ground water irrigation scheme under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna- Har Khet ko Pani will be taken up in 96 deprived irrigation districts where less than 30 per cent of the land holdings gets assured irrigation presently. The government has allocated Rs 2600 crore for the same.

• In the year 2018-19, for creation of livelihood and infrastructure in rural areas, total amount to be spent by the Ministries will be Rs 14.34 lakh crore, including extra-budgetary and non-budgetary resources of Rs 11.98 lakh crore.

• Overall, the budgetary allocation will give way to increased employment opportunities, lead to the development of 3.17 lakh kilometres of rural roads, 51 lakh new rural houses, 1.88 crore toilets and provide 1.75 crore new household electric connections besides boosting agricultural growth.

Union Budget 2018 Education sector

Union Budget 2018: Education Sector

The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 presented the Union Budget 2018 in the parliament. In the independent India, this will be the 88th budget and the fifth of the Modi Sarkar.

This year's budget session is crucial as it comes after government's two big financial decisions - demonetisation and the implementation of Goods and Services Tax. It will be also NDA government's last full budget presentation before next year's Lok Sabha elections.

The Budget 2018 has identified the Education sector as one of the key drivers of the economy. Accordingly, Arun Jaitley announced following initiatives:

• The government has allocated an amount worth Rs 9975 crore for National Social Assistance Programme this year.

• Budget 2018 proposes to treat education holistically without segmentation from pre-nursery to Class 12.

• To improve the quality of teachers and education, the government would be initiating an integrated B.Ed. programme for the teachers.

• The government has amended the Right to Education Act to enable more than 13 lakh untrained teachers to get trained.

• The government has also proposed to increase the digital intensity in education and move gradually from ‘'black board’’ to ‘‘digital board’’.

• Technology will also be used to upgrade the skills of teachers through the recently launched digital portal ‘‘DIKSHA’’.

• To provide the best quality education to the tribal children in their own environment, it has been decided that by the year 2022, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an Ekalavya Model Residential School.

• Ekalavya schools will be on par with Navodaya Vidyalayas and will have special facilities for preserving local art and culture besides providing training in sports and skill development.

• The government has also proposed to launch a major initiative named ‘‘Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education (RISE) by 2022’’ with a total investment of Rs 1, 00,000 crore in next four years. Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) would be suitably structured for funding this initiative.

• The government is also planning to set up a specialised Railways University at Vadodara. 

• The government has also proposed to set up two new full-fledged schools of Planning and Architecture, to be selected on challenge mode.

• Additionally, 18 new schools of Planning and Architecture would be established in the IITs and NITs as autonomous Schools, also on challenge mode.

• Lastly, the government would launch the ‘Prime Minister’s Research Fellows (PMRF)’ Scheme this year.

• Under the scheme, the government would identify 1,000 best B.Tech students each year from premier institutions and provide them facilities to do Ph.D in IITs and IISc, with a handsome fellowship. It is expected that these bright young fellows would voluntarily commit few hours every week for teaching in higher educational institutions.

Union Budget 2018 Health, MSME and social welfare

Union Budget 2018: Health, MSME and Social Welfare

The Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 presented the Union Budget 2018 in the parliament. In the independent India, this will be the 88th budget and the fifth of the Modi Government. Arun Jailtley announced following initiatives:

Health Sector
• National Health Protection Scheme will be launched to cover 10 crore poor and vulnerable families. Under this, up to Rs 5 lakh will be provided to each family per year in secondary and tertiary care institutions. This scheme will have 50 crore beneficiaries.

• This scheme will generate lakhs of jobs, particularly for women.

• Tuberculosis claims more lives every year than any other disease. The government will provide Rs 600 crore as nutritional support to all TB patients.

• 24 new government medical colleges will be set up by upgrading existing district hospitals in the country. At least one medical college will be there for three parliamentary constituencies.

MSME sector
• Mass formalization of MSME sector is happening after demonetization and GST. Online loan sanctioning facility will be refurbished to speed up the complete process by banks.

• Rs 3 lakh crore is allocated as target for the Mudra Yojana for the year 2018-19. Additonal measures will be taken to boost the growth of venture capital funds and angel investors.

• The government will contribute 12 per cent of wages of new employees for all sectors.

• Woman's contribution to the Provident Fund will be reduced to 8 per cent from now onwards for the first 3 years of her employment with no reduction in employer's contribution.

• Allocation of Rs 7148 crore for the textile sector.

Other Social Welfare Schemes

• 187 projects have been sanctioned under Namami Gange. Namami Ganga programme outlay has been increased with an all round development plan for villages and cities along the river Ganga.

• In previous year, 4465 Ganga gram villages were declared open-defecation free. This year, government has identified more 115 districts and will invest in social services.

• Six crore toilets have been built already, and in the next year, two crore additional toilets will be constructed under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.