ದ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದಳಂಕಾರಂ - ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ

ಶನಿವಾರ, ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್ 7, 2017

ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗದ ದ್ವನಿಕಂದ ಕುರಿತು ಒಂದು ಜಿಜ್ಞಾಸೆ:

ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗದ ದ್ವನಿಕಂದ ಕುರಿತು ಒಂದು ಜಿಜ್ಞಾಸೆ:

ನಿನಾಸಮ್ ಮಾತುಕತೆ ೧೦೨ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಪ್ರೊ. ಎಂ. ಎ. ಹೆಗಡೆ ಅವರ “ಭಾರತೀಯ ದರ್ಶನಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಭಾಷೆ“ ಎಂಬ ಬರಹವನ್ನು ಓದುತಿದ್ದಂತೆ ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗದ ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದ ನೆನೆಪಾಯಿತು. ದ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಚರ್ಚೆಇಲ್ಲ.  ಆದರೆ ಭಾಷೆಗೆ ಸಂಬಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಶ್ರೀ  ಹೆಗಡೆ ಅವರು ಹೇಳ ಹೊರಟ ಕೆಲವು ಉಪಕರಣಗಳು, ಸಲಕರಣೆಗಳು, ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳು ದ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿವೆ.  ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದ ಈ ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳು ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಗೂ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸಬಹುದು.ಪಾಂಡವರು ಅಜ್ಞಾತವಾಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊರಟಾಗ ತಮ್ಮ ಆಯುಧಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂಟೆಕಟ್ಟಿ ಮರದ ಮೇಲಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋಗಿದ್ದರಂತೆ. ನಾಡಿನ ಮಾನ್ಯ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸರು ಕೆಲವರು ದ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಕಸ್ಮಿಕವಾಗಿ ತಾವು ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಮುನ್ನೆಲೆಗೆ ತಂದು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸುವ ಭರಭರಾಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆ ಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು,  ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಗೂಡಾರದಲ್ಲಿ(1) ಮುಚ್ಚಿಟ್ಟು ಶ್ರೀವಿಜಯನ ವಿವಕ್ಷಿತಾರ್ಥಕ್ಕೆ ತಾವೇ ಹೊಲಿದು ಸಿದ್ದಪಡಿಸಿದ ಬಣ್ಣಬಣ್ಣದ ದಿರಿಸು ತೊಡಿಸಿ ತಲೆಮರೆಯಿಸಿ ರೂಪಾಂತರಗೊಳಿಸಿ- ಕಂಕ ವಲಲರ ಹಾಗೆ - ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬ ಒಂದು ಅಲಂಕಾರ’ ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರಿಟ್ಟು (ಇಸ್ವಿ ೧೯೩೦-೨೦೧೬) ಎಂಬತ್ತೇಳು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಲಾಗಾಯ್ತು ವಿವಕ್ಷಿತಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಆಜ್ಞಾತವಾಸಕ್ಕೆ ತಳ್ಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಈ ಕುರಿತು ಮಾತುಕತೆಯ ಓದುಗರೊಡನೆ ಒಂದಿಷ್ಟು ಮಾತುಕತೆ ಶುರುಹಚ್ಚಿಕೊಳೋಣಾಂತ ಈ ಒಂದ್ಸಣ್ ವಿಶ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಕೈಹಾಕಿದ್ದಾಗಿದೆ.

ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯಾವಿಧಿ ಅನ್ವಯಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಯ ಬಳಕೆ ಲಕ್ಷಣಾ ಮುಂತಾದ ಪರಿಭಾಷೆಗಳು ಭಾಷೆಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿವೆ.  ಇವುಗಳ ಪೈಕಿ ಶಬ್ದವಿಶೇಷಗಳ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶರೊಪದ ಅರ್ಥವಿಶೇಷಸ್ಮಾರಕವೆನಿಸುವ ಸಾಹಚರ್ಯನಿಯಮ, ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯಾ, ಅನ್ವಯಸಾಮಗ್ರಿ, ಲಕ್ಷಣಾ ಹಾಗೂ ನೆನೆದಾತುಪ್ರಯೋಗ ಇವಿಷ್ಟು ಶಾಸ್ಥ್ರೀಯಾಂಶಗಳು ದ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿವೆ.  ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಅನ್ವಯಸಿದ್ದಾದರೆ ಆಗ ಕಂದದ ನಕಲಿ ಅರ್ಥ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರವೆಂಬುದು ಬಣ್ಣ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ ಅವತಾರ ಮುಗಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಮುವ್ವತ್ತನಾಲ್ಕು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ.  ಭಾವಿಕ ದ್ವನಿಗಳು ಅವನ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲ. ‘ದ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದಳಂಕಾರಂ’  ಎಂಬೀ ಹೆಸರು ಹಾಗೂ ‘ಕಮಲದೊಳನಿಮಿಷಯುಗಂ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಯದ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ, ಹೋ! ಇದೂ  ಒಂದು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರ’ ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಕೆಲವರು ಭ್ರಮಿಸಿಬಿಟ್ಟರು.  ಬಾಲ ಕೊಂಬು ಇವೆ ಅಂದಮೇಲೆ ಅದು ಹಸುವು ಆಗಿರಬೇಕು. ಆದರೆ ಗಂಗೆದೊಗಲು ಮಾತ್ರ ಇಲ್ಲ! ಇಲ್ಲೂ ಹಾಗೆ ಆಗಿದೆ.  ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರ ಅಂದಾಗ ಅದಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಲಕ್ಷಣ ಹೇಳಿರಬೆಕು. ‘ದ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಮರ್ಥದೆ ದೊಷ್ಯಂ’- ಈ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರವೊಂದರ ಲಕ್ಷಣ ಎನಿಸುತ್ತವೆಯೆ? ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನಂತಹ ಲಾಕ್ಷಣಿಕನು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರವೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಎಡಬಿಡಂಗಿ ಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ಹೊಸೆದು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿದ್ದು ಸಂಭವವೆ?  ಎಲ್ಲ ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳೂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಲೇ ತೋರುತ್ತವೆ.  ಅರ್ಥವು ಅಸಂದ್ದವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಆಲಂಕಾರಿಕರು ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆಯೇ?  ‘ಕಮಲದೊಳನಿಮಿಷಯುಗಂ’ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾವ್ಯಮಿಮಾಂಸೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥವು ಅಸಂಗತ, ದೊಷ್ಯ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಬಹುದೇ? ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರವು ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಲ್ಲ.  ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸದೆಹೋದ ಕಾರಣ ಅಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲದ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಕೆಲವರು ಫಸಿಹೋದರು. ‘ಅತ್ಯ್ಂತಾಸತ್ಯಪಿಹ್ಯರ್ಥೇ ಜ್ಞಾನಂ ಶಬ್ದಃ ಕರೋತಿ ವೈ’ (2).  ಅಕಸ್ಮಾತ್ ಹೀಗಾಗುವುದುಂಟು.  ನಾವು ಮನುಷ್ಯರು ತಾನೆ!

ನ ಸೋsಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯೋ ಲೋಕೆ ಯಃ ಶಬ್ದಾನುಗಮಾದೃತೇ

ಅನುವಿದ್ಧಮಿವ ಜ್ಞಾನಂ ಸರ್ವಂ ಶಬ್ದೇನ ಭಾಸತೇ (3)

ಶಬ್ದ ಸಂಸ್ಪರ್ಶವಿಲ್ಲದ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ಜ್ಞಾನವೂ ಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ,  ಸಮಸ್ತ ಜ್ಞಾನವೂ ಶಬ್ದದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕೂಡಿಹೊಗಿದೆಯೋ ಯೆಂಬಂತೆಯೇ ಭಾಸವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಶಬ್ದ ಅರ್ಥ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಈ ಮೂರೂ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳು ಇಡಿಯಾಗಿ ಮೂರೂ ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ನಮ್ಮ ಅನುಭವಕ್ಕೆ ಬರುತ್ತವೆಯೇ ಹೊರತು ಬಿಡಿಬಿಡಿಯಾಗಿ ಅನುಭವಕ್ಕೆ ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. (4)

ಯತ್ರಾರ್ಥ ಶಬ್ದೋ ವಾ ತಮರ್ಥಮುಪಸರ್ಜನೀಕೃತಸ್ವಾರ್ಥೌ

ವ್ಯಂಕ್ತಃ ಕಾವ್ಯವಿಶೇಷಃ ಸ ದ್ವನಿರಿತಿ ಸೂರಿಭಿಃ ಕಥಿತಃ (5)

ಯತ್ರ ಉಪಸರ್ಜನೀಕೃತಸ್ವಃ ಅರ್ಥಃ ತಮರ್ಥಂ ವ್ಯನಕ್ತಿ

ಸ ಕಾವ್ಯವಿಶೇಷಃ ದ್ವನಿರಿತಿ ಸೂರಿಬಿಃ ಕಥಿತಃ

ಎಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗಲಿ, ಅಥವಾ ಶಬ್ಧವಾಗಲಿ (ಅನುಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ) ತನ್ನನ್ನು ಅಥವ ತನ್ನ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಅಪ್ರಧಾನವಾಗಿರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಆ ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವುದೋ ಆ ಕಾವ್ಯವಿಶೇಷವನ್ನು ಪಂಡಿತರು ‘ಧ್ವನಿ’ ಎಂದು ಕರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. (6)

ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದ-

ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದಳಂಕಾರಂ

ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಮರ್ಥದೆ ದೂಷ್ಯಂ

ನೆನೆವುದಿದನಿಂತು ಕಮಲದೊಳ್

ಅನಿಮಿಷಯುಗಮೊಪ್ಪಿ ತೋರ್ಪುದಿಂತಿದು ಚೋದ್ಯಂ (7)

ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದ ‘ಯತ್ರಾರ್ಥಃ ಶಬ್ದೋ ವಾ …’ ಎಂಬೀ ಧ್ವನಿಕಾವ್ಯಲಕ್ಷಣಕಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದವು ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನ ನೇರ ಮುಖಾಮುಖಿ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯೆಯೆಂಬುದನ್ನೂ ಈ ಎರಡೂ ಕಾರಿಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಶಬ್ದ ಅರ್ಥ ಧ್ವನಿ ಎಂಬೀ ಮೂರು ಶಬ್ದವಿಶೇಷಗಳ ಸಂನಿವೇಶರೂಪದ ಸಾಹಚರ್ಯವು ಈ ಎರಡರಲ್ಲೂ ಇರುವುದನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಗಮನಿಸಬೇಕು.  ಈ ಮೇಲಿನ ಧ್ವನಿಕಾವ್ಯಲಕ್ಷಣಕಾರಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕಂಡು-ಕೇಳಿ-ತಿಳಿದಿದ್ದರಿಂದಲೇ ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನು ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಯಿತು.  ಆ ಕಾರಿಕೆಯು ಅವನ ಕಿವಿಗೂ ಬೀಳದಿದ್ದರೆ ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ‘ಅರ್ಥಂ ಬುಧ್ವಾ ಶಬ್ದರಚನಾ’ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಶ್ರೀವಿಜಯನು ಧ್ವನಿಕಾವ್ಯಲಕ್ಷಣಕಾರಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಕಂಡೋ ಕೇಳಿಯೋ ತಿಳಿಯದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅವನು ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಂ’ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಿಸುವುದಾದರೂ ಹೇಗೆ? ‘ಅರ್ಥಃ ತಮರ್ಥಂ ವ್ಯನಕ್ತಿ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಮಾತು ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡದ್ದು ಈ ಮೇಲಿನ ಕಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲೇ ತಾನೆ! ಅರ್ಥವೂ ಅರ್ಥಾಂತರವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುವ ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನು  ನೋಡಿರಬಹುದಾದ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯವಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದನ್ನಿಲ್ಲಿ ಉದಾಹರಿಸಬೇಕು.

ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಭಯಪ್ರಾಪ್ತಿ ಅನ್ಯತರನಿವೃತ್ತಿ ಎಂಬೀ ಎರಡು ಅರ್ಥಗಳ ಸಂನಿವೇಶ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಿರಬೇಕು.  ದ್ವನಿಪ್ರಸ್ಥಾನದ ಉಗಮದವರೆಗೂ ಕೂಡ (ಸುಮಾರು ಕ್ರಿ.ಶ. ೮೫೦ರಿಂದ ೮೮೦ ಆಸುಪಾಸು) ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿದ್ವತ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ‘ನ ಸೋsಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯೋ ಲೋಕೇ…’ ಎಂಬಂತಹ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವಚನ ಹಾಗೂ ಲೋಕರೂಡಿಯ ಮೇರೆಗೆ ಶಬ್ದವು ಮಾತ್ರವೇ ಜ್ಞಾನಸಾಧನ ಜ್ಞಾನಜನಕ ಎಂಬಂತ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯು ಪ್ರಚಲಿತವಾಗಿತ್ತು.  ಧ್ವನಿಪ್ರಸ್ಥಾನವು ಇದಂಪ್ರಥಮವಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥವೂ ಜ್ಞಾನಜನಕ ಜ್ಞಾನಸಾಧನ, ವ್ಯಂಜನಾವೃತ್ತಿಯ ಬಲದಿಂದ ಅರ್ಥವೂ ಕೂಡ ಅರ್ಥಾಂತರಬೋಧಕ ಎಂಬೀ ಹೊಸ ವಿಚಾರವೊಂದನ್ನು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕಾವ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸಾ ವಿದ್ವತ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಿಬಿಟ್ಟಿತು.  ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಕಾವ್ಯಾರ್ಥಪ್ರತೀತಿಯೆಂಬ ಒಂದು ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಬ್ದ ಅರ್ಥ ಎಂಬೀ ಎರಡು ಸಾಧನಗಳು ಅವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಯುಗಪತ್ ಎಕದ್ಂ ಬಂದೊದಗಿದವು.  ಇದು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಉಭಯಪ್ರಾಪ್ತಿ ಎನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.  ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಉಭಯಪ್ರಾಪ್ತಿಯ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಸಾಧನವನ್ನು ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸಿ- ಅಂದರೆ ಉಳಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು, ಇನ್ನೊಂದನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸುವಿಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ನಿಷೇಧಿಸುವಿಕೆ.  ನಿಷೇಧಿಸುವಿಕೆಯೇ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಅನ್ಯತರನಿವೃತ್ತಿಯೆನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ತರಹದ ಸಂನಿವೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕಾರರು ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರಂತೆ.  ಇದೊಂದು ತರಹದ ವಚೋಭಂಗಿ, ಪ್ರಯೋಗವೈಚಿತ್ರ್ಯ.  

‘ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಂ’ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ  ‘ನ ಸೋsಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯೋ ಲೋಕೇ …’ ಎಂಬೀ ಬಗೆಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಸಂಸ್ಕಾರದ ಮನಸ್ಸಿನ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಬಹುದು.  ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನ ಇದೇ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರವನ್ನು ಮುಂದಿನ ಮುಕುಲಭಟ್ಟ ಜಯಂತಭಟ್ಟರ ವ್ಯಂಜನಾವಿರೋಧಸಂದರ್ಭದ ಮಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಧ್ವನಿವಿರೋಧಿಗಳ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನೂ ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಮರ್ಥದೆ ದೂಷ್ಯಂ’ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನೂ ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಿದ್ದಾದರೆ ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದ ಐನಾತಿ ಮಜಕೂರ್ ಎನೆಂಬುದು ಮನದಟ್ಟಾದೀತು.

‘ಅರ್ಥದೆ ದೂಷ್ಯಂ = ಅರ್ಥದೆಯುಂ ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಮೆಂಬುದು ದೂಷ್ಯಂ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಮಾತು ಧ್ವನಿಕಾವ್ಯಲಕ್ಷಣ ಕಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ‘ಅರ್ಥಃ ತಮರ್ಥಂ ವ್ಯನಕ್ತಿ’ ಎಂಬುದರ ನಿರಾಕರಣೆ.  ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕಾವ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಧ್ವನಿಪ್ರಸ್ಥಾನವು ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾಗಿ ನೆಲೆಗೊಳ್ಳುವವರೆಗೂ ಕೂಡ ವ್ಯಂಜನೆಯನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಅಸಹಿಷ್ಣುತೆಯು ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಳಿ ಬರುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದು ಸಹಜ.

ಶಬ್ದ, ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು ಹವಣಾಗಿ ಒಗ್ಗಿ ಕೂಡಿದಾಗ ಭಾಷೆಗೊಂದು ಹದವಾದ ಪಾಕ ಮೈಗೂಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಅದು ಪಳಗಿದ ಭಾಷೆಯೆನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.  ಭಾಷೆಯ ಪರಿವಾರಗಳು ಉಪಕರಣಗಳು ಸಲಕರಣೆ ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳು ಸಂನಿವೇಶ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಿಗೆ ತಕ್ಕಂತೆ ಔಚಿತ್ಯಕ್ಕನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ಒದಗಿಬಂದಾಗ ಭಾಷೆಯು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಕಾವ್ಯ ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆಗೂ ‘ಸಮರ್ಥ’ ಎನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.  ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನದು ಈ ಮೂರಕ್ಕು ಲಾಯಕ್ಕಾದ ಭಾಷೆ.  ಅಂತೆಯೇ ಅವನು ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ನುಡಿಜಾಣ್ಮೆಯನ್ನು ಮೆರೆದು ಕೊಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಡಲನ್ನೆ ತುಂಬಿಟ್ಟಂತೆ ಆ ಒಂದು ಪುಟ್ಟ ಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಲ್ಕೈದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಜೋಡಿಸಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾನೆ.

‘ಪ್ರಕೃತಿಪ್ರತ್ಯಯೌ  ಸಹಾರ್ಥಂ ಬ್ರೂತಃ ತಯೋಸ್ತು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಃ ಪ್ರಾಧಾನ್ಯೇನ. ಗುಣೇ ತ್ವನ್ಯಾಯಕಲ್ಪನಾ.’ -- ಪ್ರಕೃತಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳೆರೆಡೂ ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತವೆಯಾದರೂ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಕ್ಕೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚುಗಾರಿಕೆ.  ಪ್ರಕೃತ್ಯರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಲಕ್ಷಣಾವೃತ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಬೇರೆ ಅರ್ಥ ಹೇಳಬಹುದೇ ಹೊರತು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು- ಗಮಕ, ಪ್ರಯೋಜನ ಏನೂ ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದಾಗ- ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಬಾರದು ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಹಿಂದಿನವರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ.  ‘ಗಂಗಾಯಾಂ ಘೋಷಃ’ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ಲಕ್ಷಣಯಾ ‘ಗಂಗಾ’ ಪ್ರಕೃತಿಗೆ ಗಂಗಾತೀರ ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆಯೇ ಹೊರತು ಸಪ್ತಮಿಯ ಅಧಿಕರಣಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿಲ್ಲ.  ಆದರೆ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ- ‘ಅರ್ಥದೆ’ ಎಂಬೀ ತೃತೀಯಾಕ್ಕೆ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರವಾದಿಗಳು 'ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥ’ ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಥಮಾಂತದ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ! ‘ಕಮಲದೊಳನಿಮಿಷಯುಗಂ’ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥವು ಅಸಂಗತ; ಅತ ಏವ ದೂಷ್ಯ ಎಂಬುದಿಲ್ಲಿ ಆಧುನಿಕಕಾವ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸಕರ ಕೆಲವರ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನ. ‘ಧ್ವನಿ’ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರವನ್ನು ನಜರ್ ಚೂಕ್ ನಿಂದ ಕಂಡುಕೊಂಡದ್ದೇ ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಎಡವಟ್ಟು.  ಆ ಎಡವಟ್ಟನ್ನು ಸಮರ್ಥಿಸಲು ಎಡವಟ್ಟಿನ ಸರಪಣಿಯನ್ನು ಮಾರುದ್ದ ನೇಯಬೇಕಾಯಿತು.  ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥಬಾಧೆಯು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಲ್ಲಿ ಲಕ್ಷಣೆಯನ್ನಾಶ್ರಯಿಸಿ ಸಂಗತವಾಗುವ ಕಾವ್ಯಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕೆಂಬುದನ್ನು ಕಾವ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸೆಯೇ ಹೇಳಿದೆ.  ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥಬಾಧೆಯು ಕಾವ್ಯದೋಷವಲ್ಲ, ಬದಲಾಗಿ ಕಾವ್ಯಭೂಷಣ.  ಕವಿಸಮಯಾನುಸಾರವಾಗಿ ಪರಂಪರೆಯಿಂದಲೂ ಅನುಸರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡುಬಂದ, ನಿರ್ದುಷ್ಟವೆಂದು ಗೃಹೀತವಾದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾವ್ಯಮಾರ್ಗಗಳೂ ಗ್ರಾಹ್ಯವೇ ಸರಿಯೆಂಬುದು ಕಾವ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸಕರ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ.  ಕಮಲದೊಳನಿಮಿಷ ಯುಗಂ- ಎಂಬುದೂ ಕೂಡ ಸತ್ ಕಾವ್ಯಪರಂಪರೆಗೇ ಒಳಪಡುತ್ತದೆ.

‘ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದಳಂಕಾರಂ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಮಾತು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರವೊಂದರ ಹೆಸರೇ ಹೊರತು ‘ಅಂತರ್ಭಾವವಾದ’ವನ್ನು ಹೇಳಲು ‘ಸಮರ್ಥ’ವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬುದು ನಿಜ. ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಮರ್ಥದೆ ದೂಷ್ಯಂ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಮಾತು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರವೊಂದರ ಲಕ್ಷಣವೆನಿಸಲು ‘ಸಮರ್ಥ’ವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬುದೂ ಕೂಡ ಅಷ್ಟೇ ನಿಜ. ಹಾಗಾದರೆ ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದು ಒಂದು ಅಲಂಕಾರವಂತೂ ಆಗಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ.  ಮತ್ತೇನಾಗಬೇಕು? ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು ಎಂದೇ ಆಗಬೇಕು.  ಆಗೇನಾಯಿತು? ಅಂತರ್ಭಾವವಾದ ಎಂದೇ ಸಿದ್ಧವಾಯಿತು.

ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದು ಒಂದು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರ ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತೆಲ್ಲೂ ಕೇಳಿಬಂದಿಲ್ಲ.  ಬದಲಾಗಿ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರವೆಂದರೆ ಶಬ್ದಾಲಂಕಾರ ಎಂಬುದು ಕೇಳಿಬಂದಿದೆ.

ಚಿತ್ರಂ ವಕ್ರೋಕ್ತ್ಯನುಪ್ರಾಸೌ ಯಮಕಂ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕ್ರಿಯಾ।

ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕೃತಯೋ ಜಾತಿರುಪಮಾ ರೂಪಕಂ ತಥಾ.॥

                                                                  (ವಾಗ್ಭಟಾಲಂಕಾರ -೪-೨)

‘ಶಬ್ದ’ ಶಬ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲು ‘ಧ್ವನಿ’ ಶಬ್ದವು ಹಿಂದೆ ಬಳಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿತ್ತು ಎಂಬುದಕ್ಕೆ ಭಾಮಹನಲ್ಲಿ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯಿದೆ. ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯೆನಿಸಿದಳಂಕಾರಧ್ವನಿ’ (8) ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ಪಂಪನು ಶಬ್ದಾಲಂಕಾರವನ್ನೆ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾನೆಂಬುದನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಬಹುದು.

ಒಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟಾದ ಪುರುಳು ಇವಿಷ್ಟು: ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದು ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು, ಅರಿವನ್ನು ಮೂಡಿಸುವುದು ನುಡಿಯ ಕೆಲಸ ಪುರುಳಿನದಲ್ಲ.  ಪುರುಳು ಕೂಡ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಪುರುಳನ್ನು ಹೊಳೆಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬ ಮಾತು ಸರಿಯಲ್ಲ.  ಇದನ್ನು- ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂಬುದು ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು- ಹೀಗೆ ನೆನಪು ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ. ಅಂದರೆ, ಅಲ್ಲಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ ಈ ಹಿಂದೆ ನಿರೂಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಅತಿಶಯೋಕ್ತಿಯೇ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳ ಪೈಕಿ ಪ್ರಕೃತಕ್ಕೆ ಯಾವ ಅಲಂಕಾರವು ಹೊಂದಿಕೆಯಾದೀತೆಂಬುದನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳಿ ಎಂದರ್ಥ.  ‘ಕಮಲದೊಳನಿಮಿಷಯುಗಂ’ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿಶಯೋಕ್ತಿಯಿದೆ.  ಲೋಕಮರ್ಯಾದೆಯನ್ನು, ನಿಯತಿಕೃತನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ಮೀರಿ ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥವು ಅಸಂಗತ, ಬಾಧಿತ ಎಂಬಂತೆ ಹೇಳುವುದೇ ಅತಿಶಯ. ‘ಲೋಕಸೀಮಾತಿವರ್ತನಃ ವಿಶೇಷಸ್ಯ ವಿವಕ್ಷಾ’. ಅದು ಕವಿಸಮಯ. ಅಭೇದಾಧ್ಯವಸಾಯ, ಅಧ್ಯಾರೋಪ.  ‘ಬಾಧಕಾಲೀನ ಇಚ್ಚಾಜನ್ಯಜ್ಞಾನಂ ಆರೋಪಃ’ ಮುಂತಾಗಿ ಕಾವ್ಯಮೀಮಾಂಸೆಯು ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ.   ‘ಕಮಲದೊಳನಿಮಿಷಯುಗಂ’ ಎಂಬುದು ಮಾತ್ರ ವಾಚ್ಯಾರ್ಥ ಅಸಂಗತ ಬಾಧಿತ, ದೂಷ್ಯ ಎನಿಸಿದ್ದು ಹೇಗೆ?

ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರ ತಲೆದೋರಿದ್ದು ಇಸ್ವಿ 1930ರಲ್ಲಿ.  ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಪಂಪ ರನ್ನರಿಗೆ ಈ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರದ ಚಮತ್ಕಾರವನ್ನು ಸವಿದು ಸುಖಿಸುವ ಯೋಗ ಒದಗಿಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ.  ಪಂಪನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಶಬ್ದಾಲಂಕಾರದ ಬಗೆಗೆ. ರನ್ನನು ಭರತನ ಕಾವ್ಯಭೂಷಣಗಳನ್ನು ‘… ಅಲಂಕ್ರಿಯಾರಚನೆ ಮೂವತ್ತಾರು ನೇರ್ಪಟ್ಟವು’ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾನೆ.

ಫಲಾನಾವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದು ಸಟ್ಟನೆ ನಮ್ಮ ತಲೆಗೆ ಹತ್ತುವುದೇ ಇಲ್ಲ.  ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಗತ್ತೇ ಹಾಗಿದೆ.  ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯಾಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಷೇಧವೇ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ವಿವಕ್ಷಿತ ಅರ್ಥ ಎಂಬುದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಮರ್ಯಾದೆ.  ಆದರೆ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಷೇಧಬೋಧಕ ಪದಗಳು ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.  ವಿಧಿರೂಪದ ಪದಗಳೇ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ.  ಲಕ್ಷಣೆಯಿಂದ ನಿಷೇಧಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.  'ಪಂಚ ಪಂಚನಖಾಃ ಭಕ್ಷ್ಯಾಃ’ ಎಂಬೀ ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯಿದೆಯೆಂದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕಾರರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ.  ನಮಗಿಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಷೇಧರೂಪದ ಅರ್ಥವು ಮೇಲ್ನೋಟಕ್ಕೆ ತೋರಿಬರುವುದೇ ಇಲ್ಲ.  ವಿಧಿರೂಪದ ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾತ್ರ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ.  ಆದರೆ ಇದು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದ ಒಂದು ಶಿಸ್ತು.  ವಾಖ್ಯಾನಕಾರರು ಅಲ್ಲಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸಿಕೊಡುತ್ತಾರೆ.  ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಂ’ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾನ್ಯ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಕಾರರಿಗೆ ಇದು ಹೊಳೆಯಲಿಲ್ಲ.  ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಶ್ರೀವಿಜಯನ ವಿವಕ್ಷಿತ ಅರ್ಥವು ಮುಂದೆ ಬರಲೇ ಇಲ್ಲ.  ಕಂದದಲ್ಲೇ ಉಳಿಯಿತು.

‘ದ್ವಯೋಃ ಸಮುಚ್ಚಿತ್ಯ ಪ್ರಾಪ್ತೌ ಇತರನಿವ್ರುತ್ತಿಫಲಕೋ ವಿದಿಃ ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯಾ’ (9) ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಸ್ವರೂಪವನ್ನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ.  ಶಬ್ದವು ಜ್ಞಾನಜನಕ, ಅರಿವನ್ನು ಮೂಡಿಸುವುದು ನುಡಿಯ ಕೆಲಸ ಎಂಬಂತಹ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆಯು ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರವು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಹಾಗೂ ಲೋಕವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿತ್ತು.  ಈದೀಗ ಅಂದರೆ, ಶ್ರೀವಿಜಯನು ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಮುಗಿಸಲಿರುವ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ‘ಅರ್ಥಃ ತಮರ್ಥಂ ವ್ಯನಕ್ತಿ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಧ್ವನಿಕಾವ್ಯಲಕ್ಷಣಕಾರಿಕೆಯ ಮಾತು ಅವನ ಕಿವಿಗೆ ಬಿತ್ತು.  ಪ್ರಾಸಂಗಿಕವಾಗಿ(10), ಅಂದರೆ ನೆನಪಾದುದನ್ನು ಹೇಳಲೇಬೇಕೆಂಬ ಒತ್ತಡದಿಂದ ಧ್ವನಿಯೆಂದರೆ ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಬೇರೇನೂ ಅಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಮಾತು ಹೇಳಿದ.  ಅರ್ಥಧ್ವನನ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಬ್ದ ಅರ್ಥ ಎಂಬೀ ಎರಡು ಸಾಧನಗಳು ಮಾಧ್ಯಮಗಳು, ಯುಗಪತ್, ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾಪ್ತವಾದವು, ಅರಿವಿಗೆ ಬಂದವು.  ಈ ಎರಡು ಸಾಧನಗಳ ಪೈಕಿ ಧ್ವನನ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶಬ್ದವೊಂದೇ ಸಾಧನ ಸಾಕು ಎಂದು ಶಬ್ದವನ್ನು ಪುರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿ ‘ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಂ’ ಅರ್ಥದೆಯಲ್ತು ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥಧ್ವನನ ಅಂದರೆ  ಧ್ವನನಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಥಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಧನತ್ವವನ್ನು ಶ್ರೀವಿಜಯನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದ್ದಾನೆ.  ಹೀಗಿದು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ‘ಉಭಯಸ್ಯ ಯುಗಪತ್ ಪ್ರಾಪ್ತೌ ಧ್ವನನಕ್ರಿಯಾಯಾಂ ಅರ್ಥಸ್ಯ ಸಾಧನತ್ವವ್ಯಾವೃತ್ತಿಫಲಕ’ ವಾದಂತಾದ್ದರಿಂದ ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯೆಂದು ಹೇಳಲೇಬೇಕು.  ಶಬ್ದ ಅರ್ಥಗಳು ಪಾರ್ವತೀಪರಮೇಶ್ವರರಂತೆ ಅಂಟಿಕೊಂಡೇ ಇರುವ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳಾದ್ದರಿಂದ ಶಬ್ದದಿಂದಂ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಥದಿಂದಂ, ಅರ್ಥದೆ ಎಂಬುದು ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಸ್ಥಿತವೇ, ಹಾಜರಾಗಿಯೇ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.  ಶಬ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಧ್ವನನಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅನ್ವಯ ಹೇಳಿದಂತಯೇ ಅರ್ಥದೆ ಎಂಬುದಕ್ಕೂ ಧ್ವನನಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲೇ ಅನ್ವಯ ಹೇಳಬೇಕೆಂಬುದು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯವಾಗಿ ನ್ಯಾಯ್ಯಃ ಪಂಥಾಃ. ‘ಆಕಾಂಕ್ಷಾ ಯೋಗ್ಯತಾ ಸಂನಿಧಿಶ್ಚ ವಾಕ್ಯಾರ್ಥಜ್ಞಾನೇ ಹೇತುಃ(11). ಈ ಅನ್ವಯಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಯು ‘ಜ್ಞಾತಾ ಸತೀ’ ಕಾರಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆಂದು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ.  ಅರ್ಥೆದೆ ಎಂಬಲ್ಲಿ ತೃತೀಯಾಕ್ಕೆ- ತನಗೆಲ್ಲಿ ಅನ್ವಯ?- ಎಂಬಂತಹ ಆಕಾಂಕ್ಷೆಯಿದೆ.  ಹಿಂದಿನ ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಸುಗುಂ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥದೆಯ ಮುಂದೆ ಅನುಷಂಗ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಪೂರ್ಣವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ನೇರ್ಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.  ‘ಎಂಬುದು’ ಅಧ್ಯಾಹಾರ.  ಈ ಪರಿಪಾಟಿಯು  ವಾಕ್ಯವಾಕ್ಯಾರ್ಥವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಯ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕಾರರೇ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು. ಲೋಕವ್ಯವಹಾರದಲ್ಲೂ ಇದು ಇದ್ದೇ ಇದೆ. ‘ಅರಿವನ್ನು ಮೂಡಿಸುವುದು ನುಡಿಯ ಕೆಲಸ’.  ಇದು ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯೆ. ‘ಪುರುಳಿನದಲ್ಲ’. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಅನ್ವಯಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಯನ್ನು ಜೋಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ‘ಅರಿವನ್ನು ಮೂಡಿಸುವುದು ಪುರುಳಿನ ಕೆಲಸವಲ್ಲ’ ಎಂಬೀ ಬಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ನೇರ್ಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಶಾಬ್ದಬೋಧ ಕಂಡುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.  ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಶಾಬ್ದಬೋಧ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು ಶ್ರೀವಿಜಯನ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿನ್ನೂ ಮೈದಳೆದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಮಾತು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಳಿಬಂದಿದೆ. ಅವಚ್ಚೇದಕಾವಚ್ಛಿನ್ನಶೃಂಖಲೆಯ ಶಾಬ್ದಬೋಧಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು ಮಾತ್ರ ಅವನ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂದಿನದೆಂದು ಹೇಳಬಹುದೇ ಹೊರತು ಅನ್ವಯಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಯ ಬಳಕೆಯೆಂಬ ಈ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಪರಿಭಾಷೆಯೂ ಅಂದು ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲಾಂತ ಹೇಳಲಾಗದು.  ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಗಳು ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ ಮರುದಿನವೇ ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಭಾಷಾಪರಿಕರಗಳೂ ಹುಟ್ಟಿವೆಯೆಂದೇ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು.

ದುಷ-ಮುಹ-ವ್ಯೆಚಿತ್ಯೇ, ವ್ಯೆಚಿತ್ಯಂ ಚಿತ್ತವಿಕ್ಲವಃ.  ವ್ರಜತಿ ವಿರಹೇ ವ್ಯೆಚಿತ್ಯಮ್.  ವ್ಯೆಚಿತ್ಯಂ ಭ್ರಾಂತಿರಿತಿ ಪರ್ಯವಸಿತೋsರ್ಥಃ.  ಅರ್ಥವೂ- ವ್ಯಂಜನಾವ್ರುತ್ತಿಯ ಅನ್ವಯದಿಂದ- ಅರ್ಥಾಂತರವನ್ನು ಧ್ವನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬ ಮಾತು ಸರಿಯಲ್ಲ.  ಅರ್ಥದೆ ದೂಷ್ಯಂ ಎಂಬುದು ವ್ಯಜನೆಯ ನಿರಾಕರಣೆ.

ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದವೆಂಬುದೊಂದು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಹೂರಣದ ಕನ್ನಡಕಣಕದ ಸುಕ್ಕಿನುಂಡೆ.  ಹೂರಣವನ್ನು ಕೊಂಚ ತಾಳ್ಮೆಯೆಂದ ಎಳೆಎಳೆಯಾಗಿ ತೊಳೆತೊಳೆಯಾಗಿ ಬಿಡಿಬಿಡಿಯಾಗಿ ಬಿಡಿಸಿ ನೋಡಿ. ಜಾತ್ಯೇಕವಚನ, ಪರಿಸಂಖ್ಯಾ, ಅನ್ವಯಸಾಮಗ್ರಿ, ಗುಣೇತ್ವನ್ಯಾಯಕಲ್ಪನಾ, ಅರ್ಥಂ ಬುದ್ಧ್ಯಾ ಶಬ್ದರಚನಾ, ನಿಷೇಧಸ್ಯಪ್ರಾಪ್ತಿಪೂರ್ವಕತ್ವನಿಯಮಃ, ಉಭಯಪ್ರಾಪ್ತಿ, ಅನ್ಯತರನಿವೃತ್ತಿ, ಸಾಹಚರ್ಯನಿಯಮ, ನೆನೆ ಧಾತು ಪ್ರಯೋಗ, ಧ್ವನಿಕಾವ್ಯಲಕ್ಷಣಕಾರಿಕೆಯ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ, ಧ್ವನ್ಯಲಂಕಾರವೆಂದರೆ ಶಬ್ದಾಲಂಕಾರವೆಂದರ್ಥ.  ಆಂತರ್ಭಾವವಾದವೂ ಕೂಡ ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದ ಅರ್ಥ.  ‘ಧ್ವನಿ’ ಎಂಬ ಒಂದು ಅರ್ಥಾಲಂಕಾರ ಮಾತ್ರ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ನನಗೆ ಕಂಡುಬರಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ.  ಈ ಹೇಳಿದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಪರಿಕರಗಳೂ ಕೂಡ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಹತ್ಯಾರಗಳೇ ಸರಿ (12).

ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿಗಳು:

1. ಗೂಡಾರ. ದೂಷ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ ಗೂಡಾರ, ಮುಸುಕು ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿ ಪ್ರೊ. ಟಿ. ಕೇಶವ ಭಟ್ಟರು ಒಂದು ಕಡೆ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

2. ಶ್ರೀಕುಮಾರಿಲ ಭಟ್ಟಪಾದರು.

3. ಭರ್ತೃಹರಿ, ವಾಕ್ಯಪದೀಯಂ, ಬ್ರಹ್ಹಕಾಂಡ 1-23.

4. ವಾಕ್ಯಪದೀಯ ಕನ್ನಡ ಅನುವಾದ, ವಿದ್ವಾನ್ ರಂಗನಾಥ ಶರ್ಮಾ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದ ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ, 2011, ಪು.90

5. ಧ್ವನ್ಯಾಲೋಕ, 1-13

6. ಡಾ. ಕೆ. ಕೃಷ್ಣಮೂರ್ತಿ, ಕನ್ನಡ ಧ್ವನ್ಯಾಲೋಕ, ಪು. 26

7. ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ, 3-209

8. ಪಂಪ, ಆದಿಪುರಾಣ, 19-119

9. ಮೀಮಾಂಸಾ ಪರಿಭಾಷಾ.

10. ಸ್ಮ್ರುತಸ್ಯ ಉಪೇಕ್ಷಾsನರ್ಹತ್ವಂ ಪ್ರಸಂಗಃ

• ನೆನಪಾದುದನ್ನು ಹೇಳಿಯೇ ತೀರಬೇಕಾದ ಒತ್ತಡ.

11. ತರ್ಕಸಂಗ್ರಹಃ, ಶಬ್ದಖಂಢಃ

ಜಿಜ್ಞಾಸಾ ಜಾಯತೇ ಬೋದ್ಧುಃ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಷು ಯಥಾ ಯಥಾ

ತಥಾ ತಥ್ಯೆವ ಶಬ್ದಾನಾಮನ್ವಿತಾರ್ಥಾಭಿಧಾಯಿತಾ

• ನಯನದ್ಯುಮಣಿಃ ಪು. 108 (ವೇದ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ, ತಿರುಪತಿ)

12. ಧ್ವನಿವಿರೋಧಿಗಳ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನು ಧ್ವನಿಕಂದದೊಡನೆ ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ಅವೆರಡರ ಶಬ್ದ ಅರ್ಥಗಳ ಹೋಲಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ತೂಗಿನೋಡಿ.  ಮುಕುಲ ಭಟ್ಟ, ಜಯಂತ ಭಟ್ಟರು ವ್ಯಂಜನೆಯನ್ನು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸುವಾಗ ಮಾರ್ಗಕಾರನ ಮಾತನ್ನೇ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿದಂತಿದೆ.

ಯಲ್ಲಾಪುರ ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಶರ್ಮ

(PUBLISHED IN NIINAASAM MAATUKATHE 119-120) (ನೀನಾಸಂ 119-120  ಮಾತುಕಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಕಟಗೊಂಡಿದೆ).

Sahitya Akademi Awards 2019: On December 18

Sahitya Akademi Awards 2019: On December 18, Sahitya Academy - India's National Academy of Letters, announced Sahitya Akademi Awards 2019. The Academy announced names of 25 writers including Congress MP Shashi Tharoor as winners for 2019 edition of the Sahitya Akademi Awards. According to the official press release, Seven books of poetry, four novels, six short stories, three non-fiction books and three essays have won the award this year. 

Key Names among the Winners

Writer and Congress MP Shashi Tharoor was named among the winners for Sahitya Akademi Awards. He won the prestigious literature award for his novel 'An Era of Darkness' in the creative non-fiction category in English literature. The novel which was published in 2016 describes British rule in India.

Tharoor was joined by Madhusoodanan Nair, who won the award for 'Achan Piranna Veedu' in the Malayalam poetry category. Another renowned name that was featured on the list of winners included Nand Kishore Acharya, who won the honour for his poetry collection ‘Chilte hue apneko’.

Sahitya Akademi Awards 2019: Complete List of Winners

The complete list of winners in different language and genre categories is given in the table below. This time, the awards for the Nepali language will be announced later.

Language

Title & Genre

Author Name

Assamese

Chanakya (Novel)

Joysree Goswami Mahanta

Bengali

Ghumer Darja Thele (Essays)

Chinmoy Guha

Bodo

Akhai Athumniphrai (Poetry)

Phukan Ch. Basumatary

Dogri

Bandralta Darpan (Essays)

Om Sharma Jandriari

English

An Era of Darkness (Non-Fiction)

Shashi Tharoor

Gujarati

Mojma Revu Re (Essays)

Ratilal Borisagar

Hindi

Chheelate Hue Apne Ko (Potery)

Nand Kishore Acharya

Kannada

Kudi Esaru (Autobiography)

Vijaya

Kashmiri

Akh Yaad Akh Qayamat (Short Stories)

Abdul AhadHajini

Konkani

The Words (Potery)

Nilba A Khandekar

Maithili

Jingik Oriaon Kariat (Poetry)

Kumar Manish Arvind

Malayalam

Achan Piranna Veedu (Poetry)

V Madhusoodanan Nair

Manipuri

EiAmadi Adungeigi Eethat (Novel)

L Birmangol Singh (Beryl Thanga)

Odia

Bhaswati (Short Stories)

Tarun Kanti Mishra

Punjabi

Antheen (Short Stories)

Kirpal Kazak

Rajasthani

BareekBaat (Short Stories)

Ramswaroop Kisan

Sanskrit

Prajnachakshusham (Poetry)

Penna Madhusudan

Santali

Sisirkali (Short Stories)

Kali Charan Hembram

Sindhi

Jeejal (Short Stories)

Ishwar Moorjani

Tamil

Sool (Novel)

Cho Dharman

Telugu

Septabhoomi (Novel)

Bandi Narayana Swamy

Urdu

Sawaneh-E-Sir Syed: Ek Bazadeed (Biography)

Shafey Kidwai

About Sahitya Akademi Awards

Sahitya Akademi Awards is one of the highest literary awards in the country. The Awards are instituted by Sahitya Akademi– India’s National Academy of Letters, to commemorate the exemplary works of literary merit published in any of the major Indian languages i.e. 24 languages of which 22 are listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, along with English and Rajasthani. The Sahitya Akademi Award carries an engraved copper plaque, shawl and Rs 1 lakh, which will be presented to the winners on January 25, 2020 during the Festival of Letters organised by the Akademi

The prestigious Jnanpith Award for literature has been announced for the Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboodri

The prestigious Jnanpith Award for literature has been announced for the Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboodri. A jury under the chairmanship of noted Odia writer Pratibha Rai held a meeting before the declaration of his name. Jury’s other members were Shamim Hanafi, Suranjan Das, Madhav Kaushik and Dr. Purushottam Bilimalale. The award consists of Rs 11 lakh, a statue of Vagdevi, a citation and a memento.

About Akkitham

Akkitham is a famous writer in the Malayalam poetry world. He was born in 1926 and his full name is Akkitham Achuthan Namboodri but he is popularly known as Akkitham. He was interested in literature and art since childhood. Apart from poetry, Akkitham has also written plays and novels. His most of the poetry works have a unique prophetic character. He predicts a range of socio-political developments in his poetry. Akkitham is famous for showing modernity through his poetry.

Akkitham’s Works and Awards

• Akkitham’s poems combine Indian philosophical and social values which are like a bridge between modernity and tradition.
• He has written 55 books so far and 45 are poetry collections among them.
• He has translated works of other Indian languages. His one of the most famous Poetry book is Irupdam Nootandidae Itihasam is quite popular among his readers.
• Some of his famous books are - "Khand Kavya", "Katha Kavya", "Charitra Kavya" and lyrics.
• Some of his famous works include "Veeravadam", "Balidarshanam", "Nimisha Kshetram", "Amrita Khatika", "Akkhitam Kavitakhaka", "Epic of Twentieth Century" and "Antimkalam".
• Akkitham has conferred with the Padma Shri. He has also been honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1973, the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1972 and the Kerala Sahitya Academy Award in 1988 and the Kabir Samman.

About Jnanpith Award

• The Jnanpith Award is the highest literary award given by the Indian Jnanpith Trust for Indian literature.
• Any citizen of India who writes in any of the 22 languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule is eligible for this award.
• An award of eleven lakh rupees, a citation and a bronze statue of Vagdevi are given in the award.
• This award, which started in 1965 with prize money of Rs 1 lakh, has been increased to Rs 7 lakh in 2005, which have now been eleven lakh rupees.
• Hindi litterateur Kunwar Narayan, elected for 2005, was the first person to receive the Jnanpith Award of Rs 7 lakh.
• The first Jnanpith Award was presented to Malayalam writer G. Shankar Kurup in 1965.

UDAN 4.0: The Union Government has launched the fourth round of the regional connectivity scheme

UDAN 4.0: The Union Government has launched the fourth round of the regional connectivity scheme, UDAN to boost connectivity to more remote and regional areas of the country.  

UDAN, which stands for ‘Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik’, aims to make air travel affordable and widespread. The UDAN 4.0 will focus on the priority regions including the northeast, hilly states, Jammu and Kashmir UT, Ladakh and islands.

The Union Ministry of Civil Aviation launched the 4th round of the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) UDAN following three successful rounds of bidding to enhance connectivity in the remote and regional areas of the country.

UDAN 4.0: Key Features

1. Revision of Viability Gap Funding (VGF) – The VGF provision for Category 2 / 3 aircraft (with more than 20 seats) has been enhanced for the operation of flights under RCS to priority areas. The VGF cap applicable for operation of category 1 / 1 A aircraft (below 20 seaters) has also been revised to incentivize the operation of smaller aircraft under the scheme.

Priority Areas

The priority areas include the two new union territories of Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir, hilly states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, north-eastern states and island regions of Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

2. Short-haul routes- The VGF provision would be restricted to routes with stage length of up to 600 km for the operation of category 2 / 3 aircraft. Beyond this, no monetary support would be provided. The table for the provision of VGF for various stage lengths would be available for stage length up to 500 km.

3. Prioritization framework – Under the scheme, airports already developed by the Airport Authority of India will be given higher priority for the Viability Gap Funding. The airports not part of the list but are located in the priority areas will be given priority next, followed by airports located in other areas.

4. Flexibility to change the flight operation frequency - The Selected Airline Operator (SAO) will be allowed to change the flight operation frequency during the tenure of flight operation of the given route. However, this will only be allowed when the total scheduled flight operation, which was submitted as a part of the Technical Proposal, was conformed and adhered to within a year.

5. Inclusion of helicopter and seaplane operation- The The operation of helicopter and seaplane would be allowed under round four of the UDAN scheme under the NSOP license.

UDAN scheme: Background

The UDAN scheme was launched in October 2016 to make air travel affordable by providing connectivity to the under-served areas in the country by the revival of existing airports and airstrips.

Besides making travel affordable and accessible to all, the UDAN scheme aims to boost inclusive national economic development, development of air transport infrastructure in all regions and job growth.

In the last three years, the Union Ministry of Civil Aviation completed three rounds of bidding under the scheme in the last three years and awarded around 700 routes, many of which will be operationalized during the winter schedule 2019. The Ministry is working to develop more airports and operationalize the pending routes.

Overall, the Civil Aviation Ministry aims to operationalize around 1000 routes and develop more than 100 airports in the next five years. The Ministry aims to achieve this by focusing on operationalizing routes in the priority areas.

The Aviation Ministry aims to develop short-haul routes. The Airport Authority of India also aims to develop no-frills airport in the future and the routes connecting such airports will be prioritized for awarding the Viability Gap Funding.

Global Climate Risk Index 2020: India was the fifth most climate-affected country in 2018, according to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020 released on December 4, 2019.

Global Climate Risk Index 2020: India was the fifth most climate-affected country in 2018, according to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020 released on December 4, 2019.

India also recorded the highest number of fatalities due to climate change in 2018. The Global Climate Risk Index 2020 is published by International Environmental think tank Germanwatch.

The Climate Risk Index 2020 published its results after assessing 181 countries and quantifying the impacts of climate change through economic fatalities.

Global Climate Risk Index 2020: Key Highlights

• Japan, the Philippines and Germany were found to be the most climate-affected countries in 2018 followed by Madagascar, India and Sri Lanka. The heatwave was one of the major causes of damage in 2018.

• Among the top ten most affected countries, India, Germany and Japan suffered from extended periods of a heatwave during 2018.

• Japan topped the list of the most affected countries in 2018. The country was hit by three exceptionally strong extreme weather events during the year:

1. Torrential rainfall from July 6-8 resulting in flash floods and mudslides, killing more than 200 people and damaging over 5000 houses, leading to the evacuation of 2.3 million people.

2. Severe heatwave from mid-July to August 2018 led to 138 fatalities and over 7000 people were hospitalized due to heat strokes and heat exhaustion

3. Typhoon Jebi in September 2018 broke several historical records for sustained winds in Japan, causing economic damage of over US$ 12 billion.

• The Philippines was hit by Typhoon Mangkhut in September 2018, which was categorized as a category 5 typhoon, the most powerful typhoon recorded worldwide in 2018. The typhoon affected more than 250 000 people across the country.

• Germany experienced the second hottest year due to a severe heatwave. The period between April and July 2018 was the hottest-ever recorded in the nation with temperatures 2.9°C above average. It resulted in the death of 1234 people. The nation also witnessed severe drought in October 2018 due to less rainfall, which resulted in a massive decline in harvest.

• Madagascar became victim to Cyclone Ava in January 2018 and Cyclone Eliakim in March 2018, which together temporarily displaced around 70000 people, forcing them to seek refuge in relief camps.

• India was severely affected by the yearly monsoon season between June-September 2018, especially its southern state of Kerala where over 324 people died of drowning or got buried under landslides after one of the country’s worst floods flooded almost the entire state, leaving over 220000 people displaced with 20000 houses and 80 dams destroyed.

• Sri Lanka was also affected by severe monsoon rains in May 2018, which affected almost 20 districts, especially in the south and west coast.

• Kenya and Rwanda ranked 7 and 8 were also affected by severe monsoon rains, resulting in flooding in several areas and displacement of a large number of people.

• Canada saw its lowest temperature in 100 years in the beginning of 2018 and then record high temperatures in April 2018, which melted heavy snowpacks, causing the rivers to overflow. The nation also saw its worst wildfire season.

• Fiji was affected by three cyclones between February and April 2018- Cyclone Gita, Cyclone Josie and Cyclone Keni. The cyclones caused major flooding, leaving many displaced.

Top ten most affected countries in 2018

Ranking 2018

Country

CRI Score

Ranking 2017

1

Japan

5.50

36

2

Philippines

11.17

20

3

Germany

13.83

40

4

Madagascar

15.83

72

5

India

18.17

14

6

Sri Lanka

19.00

2

7

Kenya

19.67

45

8

Rwanda

21.17

87

9

Canada

21.83

42

10

Fiji

22.50

96

Global Climate Risk Index 2020 India

Besides seeing one of the worst floods in Kerala, India’s east coast was hit by two cyclones - Titli and Gaja in October and November 2018. The cyclones left around 450000 without electricity.

Global Climate Risk Index 2020: Background

The Global Climate Risk Index 2020 analyses the extent to which countries and regions have been affected by weather-related events such as severe rainfall, storms, floods and heatwaves.

The 2020 Global Climate Risk Index was formed after taking into account the most recent data. This is the 15th edition of the Climate Risk Index.

The index highlights the existing vulnerabilities that may increase as extreme events become more frequent or severe due to climate change.

The Index stresses on the level of vulnerability of nations to severe climate events, which they should view as warnings for more frequent or severe events in the future.

Priyanka Chopra has been awarded the Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award from UNICEF

Priyanka Chopra has been awarded the Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award from UNICEF. Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra is quite active not only in the entertainment and fashion world but also in social work. The award was announced in June 2019 and Priyanka was nominated for the award by the United Nations Children's Fund.

Priyanka Chopra has been associated with UNICEF for the past 15 years as a Goodwill Ambassador. Now she has been awarded UNICEF's 'Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award' for her work. She was awarded this honor in the presence of many eminent personalities at the Snowflake Ball in New York.

Priyanka expressed her gratitude on receiving the award and said that social service has become no option but a medium of life in today’s time. Along with this, the actress also expressed feelings about her 15-year journey with UNICEF.

About Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award

• Danny Kaye Humanitarian Award is named after actor Danny Kaye. He was an American actor, dancer, and singer.

• He became the first goodwill ambassador of UNICEF in 1954. He was awarded Honorary Oscar for the film about his work with UNICEF.
• He helped the UNICEF to popularize through public announcements, interviews, and campaigns.
• Danny Kaye was awarded Humanitarian Award from the Lions club in 1974. And very next year, in 1975, he went for 65 city plane tours to honor Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF.
• He was passed away on March 3, 1987.

About UNICEF

• UNICEF was established by the United Nations on 11 December 1946 in New York. Its full name is the United Nations Children's Fund.
• Its aim is to work for the health, nutrition, education, and development of children worldwide.
• UNICEF started working in India from the year 1949.
• More than 3 billion vaccines are given by UNICEF every year for vaccination of newborns all over the world.
• UNICEF workers are continuously working for child welfare in more than 190 countries in the world.

Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google, has now become CEO of Google's parent company Alphabet

Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google, has now become CEO of Google's parent company Alphabet. Pichai has been appointed on this post following the resignations of Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin. All the services and products of Google come under its parent company Alphabet.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin will remain with the company as co-founders and board of directors. However, Sundar Pichai will hold a new responsibility. Larry Page resigned as CEO of Alphabet, while Sergey Brin stepped down as President of Alphabet.

About Sundar Pichai

• Sundar Pichai was born in 1972 in Chennai. His original name is Pichai Sundararajan, but he is known as Sundar Pichai.
• He earned his bachelor’s degree from IIT, Kharagpur.
• Pichai completed his masters from Stanford University and did MBA from Wharton University.
• He worked at a software company Applied Materials and management consulting firm McKenzie before joining Google in 2004.
• His stature has grown rapidly in the last 15 years in Google. At the beginning of his career at Google, he played an important role in developing Google Toolbar and Google Chrome.
• In 2014, he got an opportunity to lead all products and platforms of the company.
• In 2015, Sundar Pichai became the CEO of Google and in 2017 he was included on the board of directors of parent company Alphabet.
• Now, after becoming CEO of Alphabet, his portfolio includes projects such as self-driving car Waymo apart from Google's core products.

Florence Nightingale Awards 2019

Florence Nightingale Awards 2019: President Ram Nath Kovind presented the National Florence Nightingale Awards to 36 nursing personnel at an awards ceremony in Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi on December 5, 2019. The awards were conferred on the occasion of International Nurses Day.

While conferring the awards, the President reiterated the significant role played by the nurses in delivering quality healthcare, addressing multiple health challenges and caring for the health needs of families, individuals and communities as a whole. The President stated that nurses are a symbol of seva, shushrusha and karuna. They are the face of healthcare services for patients and their families.

President Kovind further stated that with the changing lifestyles, the demand for professional caregivers, especially for the elderly, is on the rise. The President suggested the development of short training programs for care-givers by the nursing institutions in the nation. The care-givers are not professionally trained nurses and hence, they would benefit from basic training in geriatric care.

The World Health Organisation also announced the year 2020 as the ‘Year of Nurses and Midwives’. The year 2020 also commemorates the 200th birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale, after whom the nursing awards have been named.

Florence Nightingale Awards: Key Highlights

• The National Florence Nightingale Awards 2019 were conferred upon 36 nursing professionals including midwives, nurses and lady health visitors from different states and union territories.

• Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare Dr. Harsh Vardhan and Minister of State, Health & Family Welfare Ashwini Kumar Choubey were present during the awards ceremony.

• One award was conferred posthumously to honour nurse Lini Sajeesh from Kozhikode, who had passed away while caring for a NIPAH patient in Kerala. The award was received by her husband Sajeesh.

• N Sobana, who had played an important role in nursing and caring for the Nipah patients for over a month as the head nurse in the Calicut Medical College hospital was also honoured with the national award.

Who was Lini Sajeesh?

Lini Sajeesh was a nurse at the EMS Memorial Cooperative hospital at Perambra. She got infected with the deadly Nipah virus while treating the first Nipah virus patient during the initial days of the virus outbreak in May 2018. The nurse had to be admitted to the ICU in Kozhikode Medical College where she later died after developing multiple complications on May 21.

Florence Nightingale Award

The Florence Nightingale Awards were constituted in 1973 by the Union Government to recognize the meritorious services rendered by the nurses to the society as a whole.

The awards are conferred annually for excellence in nursing. The awardees include auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs), lady health visitors (LHVs) and nurses from across the country.

The award carries a certificate and a cash prize worth Rs 50000.

Who was Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing. She gained prominence while serving as a trainer of nurses during the Crimean War. She had headed the operation to organize care for the wounded soldiers during the war. She had earned the tag of ‘the Lady with the Lamp’ for making rounds at night to care for the wounded soldiers.

World Malaria Report 2019: India witnessed a sharp reduction in malaria cases between 2017 and 2018, according to the World Malaria Report 2019, which was released by UN’s World Health Organisation (WHO) on December 4, 2019

World Malaria Report 2019: India witnessed a sharp reduction in malaria cases between 2017 and 2018, according to the World Malaria Report 2019, which was released by UN’s World Health Organisation (WHO) on December 4, 2019.

The World Malaria Report 2019 provided a comprehensive update on the burden of malaria cases and deaths across the globe. India was reported to be one of the only two nations that achieved a reduction in malaria cases among the 11 nations that carry the maximum burden of malaria across the world.

The only other nation that reported a reduction in malaria cases was Uganda, which witnessed a drop of about 11 percent. Overall, the World Malaria Report 2019 revealed that an estimated 228 million cases of malaria had occurred across the world in 2018, which is less than 231 million in 2017 and 251 million in 2010.

The number of global deaths caused by malaria also showed a reduction with an estimated 4,05,000 deaths in 2018, a drop from 4,16,000 deaths in 2017 and 5,85,000 deaths in 2010.

World Malaria Report 2019: India

• India was one of the only two countries to report a reduction in malaria burden in 2018. The other nation was Uganda.

• India witnessed a 28 percent fall in malaria cases between 2017 and 2018. In the 2016 and 2017 period, India had recorded a 24 percent reduction in malaria cases.

• Further, only seven out of 28 Indian states and 9 UTs accounted for 90 percent of the estimated malaria cases in 2018. These states included West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.

• All the seven states reported large reductions in malaria cases, from 14.3 million cases in 2010 to 5.7 million cases in 2018. The rates of reductions were mostly slower in the past 3 years than in preceding years in other nations.

World Malaria Report 2019: Global malaria cases and deaths

• As per the report, an estimated 228 million malaria cases were reported across the world in 2018, reduced from 251 million cases in 2010 and 231 million cases in 2017.

• Most of the burden of malaria cases was reported from the African Region (93%), followed by South-East Asia Region (3.4%) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (2.1%).

• India and nineteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa were found to have carried 85 percent of the global malaria burden, among which six countries accounted for more than half of the global malaria cases.

• The countries included Nigeria (25%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12%), Uganda (5%) and Côte d’Ivoire, Mozambique and Niger (4% each).

• Besides, an estimated 405 000 malaria deaths were recorded globally in 2018, reduced from 416000 estimated deaths in 2017 and 585000 deaths in 2010.

• Children aged below 5 years were found to be most vulnerable to the disease, as they accounted for 67 percent of malaria death globally in 2018. In the region-wise record, the African Region accounted for 94 percent of malaria deaths in 2018.

• Almost 85 percent of the global malaria deaths in 2018 were restricted to 20 countries from the African Region and India. Nigeria topped the list with 24 percent of global malaria deaths, followed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo with 11 percent of total malaria deaths, United Republic of Tanzania (5%) and Angola, Mozambique and Niger accounting for 4 percent each.

• Only the African Region and South-East Asia Region showed a reduction in malaria deaths in 2018, in comparison to 2010. The African Region reported the largest absolute reduction in malaria deaths, from 533 000 in 2010 to 380 000 in 2018.

Background 

India showed tremendous progress in its fight against malaria disease in 2018, with almost a 26 lakh drop in malaria cases in comparison to 2017. India had reported as estimated 67 lakh malaria cases in 2018.

The number of malaria deaths in India also decreased by 40 percent in 2018, from an estimated 67 lakh malaria cases in 2018.

India currently accounts for only 3 percent of the total malaria cases and 2 percent of malaria deaths across the globe.

Hand in Hand 2019: A joint military exercise between India and China began at Umroi Cantonment, Meghalaya.

Hand in Hand 2019: A joint military exercise between India and China began at Umroi Cantonment, Meghalaya. It is an annual military exercise held under a United Nations mandate. It will be conducted between December 7 to December 20, 2019, with a theme against terrorism. 

About 130 soldiers of the Tibet Military Command (on behalf of China) and an equal number of Indian military personnel will participate. The exercise is planned at the company level, with the respective battalion headquarters.

Key Points
• There will be numerous activities during 'Hand-in-Hand' military exercise like training, classes and military tools information, etc. 
• This military exercise will increase mutual coordination between the armies of both countries. 
• There will be special training for anti-terrorism operations during this military exercise. Two strategic exercises will be conducted during the training.
• The first exercise will be focused on the anti-terrorism mechanism and the second on humanitarian and disaster relief (HADR) operations.
• China has deployed its Tibetan troops for this exercise 
• This exercise will not only increase the capacity of the joint command commander but also troops of both countries can work under one command after this training.

Objectives
The major objective of the joint military exercise is to promote mutual cooperation in the fight against terrorism. The purpose of this exercise is to build and promote strong relations between the armies of India and China. Another objective is to develop joint operational capability, share useful experiences of counter-terrorism operations and foster friendly relations between India and China.

Background

The joint military exercise "Hand-in-Hand" was started in the year 2007 in Kunming (China), its second edition was held in Belgaum, Karnataka in India. But it was stopped for the next few years. Later, in 2013, the practice resumed after five years.

Golden Tweet 2019

Golden Tweet 2019: Twitter India announced that Prime Minister Narendra Modi's tweet was the most re-tweeted and liked tweet of 2019. It was regarding the grand success of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the general election this year.

PM Modi’s Golden Tweet

Prime Minister Narendra Modi posted a tweet on May 23, 2019. It said - “सबका साथ + सबका विकास + सबका विश्वास = विजयी भारत. Together we grow. Together we prosper. Together we will build a strong and inclusive India. India wins yet again! #VijayiBharat.”

Micro-blogging platform Twitter said that Virat Kohli’s tweet on Dhoni's birthday has become the most re-tweeted tweet in the field of sports. Kohli had shared a picture with Dhoni on his birthday, which became a great moment for Indian cricket fans.

Top Hashtags of 2019

In terms of hashtags, ‘Loksabhalections2019’ was the most tweeted hashtag, followed by Chandrayaan2, CWC19, Pulwama and hashtag Article370 were the most tweeted hashtags in 2019.

Entertainment Industry

The Tamil entertainment industry continues to top the Twitter chart. The tweet by actor Vijay, sharing the poster of his film Bigil, became the most re-tweeted tweet.

Chandrayaan-2 Tweet

The most exciting moment and event for India this year was the ISRO’s Chandrayaan 2 mission. This mission showed India's contribution in the field of space. The world responded to each activity of this mission through hashtag ‘ISROChandrayaan2’.

Top Political Tweet

In politics, the most popular celebrities on Twitter were Union Minister Smriti Irani, Congress leader Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, former External Affairs Minister late Sushma Swaraj, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.

CCPI 2020: India joins the top ten countries in this year's Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) for the first time.

CCPI 2020: India joins the top ten countries in this year's Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) for the first time. This is a result of efforts made to bring down India's carbon emission. On the other hand, the United States included in the worst-performing countries for the first time.

Australia and Saudi Arabia, running their economies on the basis of coal industries, are also among the countries with high carbon emissions. The CCPI report was released at the 'COP 25' climate change conference in the Spanish capital Madrid.

CCPI 2020: India specific findings

The report states that the current level of per capita emissions and energy use in India ranks ninth in the higher category. However, despite high ratings for the performance of its climate policy, experts say the Indian government is yet to draw up a roadmap to reduce subsidies on fossil fuels in a phased manner. In short, more stringent laws and amendments should be made to achieve climate change targets.

CCPI 2020 Rankings

• India has made it to the top 10 countries in the Climate Change Performance Index released at the Climate Summit in Madrid.
• India ranked 9th in the index released in Madrid. The top position was bagged by Sweden while China ranked 30th.
• These rankings are given on the basis of 14 standards, which are divided into four categories.
• However, no country could meet 100% of all standards, so the first three places in this list are vacant.
• The list has been started from the fourth position, where Sweden is on the top of the list.
• Denmark improves ten ranks and moved to the second best-performing country in the 2019 list.
• The CCPI 2019 report said that Climate justice and social justice are the two sides of the same coin.

What is CCPI?

CCPI is an international observation instrument of climate protection performance by countries. CCPI aims to increase transparency in global climate politics and enables the comparability of climate protection efforts. Four categories of ranking are - Renewable Energy, Climate Policy, Energy Use, and GHG Emissions.

Google has released ‘Year in search 2019’ list. It has revealed the top trends of this year in India.

Google has released ‘Year in search 2019’ list. It has revealed the top trends of this year in India. It has described what people have searched the most this year in different categories. India has searched Cricket World Cup 2019 the most this year which is not surprising at all. However, last year the FIFA World Cup was at number one.

According to 'Year in Search 2019' released by Google, the most searched topic under 'What is' in India this year was 'What is Article 370'. Here is the category wise list of ‘Year in Search 2019.

Top 10 Overall Searches

‘Cricket World Cup 2019’ was the most searchable keyword of this year. As per the report, about 2.6 billion people have watched the Cricket World Cup 2019 worldwide. England won the world cup for the first time in history after defeating New Zealand in Super Over.

1) Cricket World Cup
2) Lok Sabha Elections
3) Chandrayaan 2
4) Kabir Singh
5) Avengers: Endgame
6) Article 370
7) NEET results
8) Joker
9) Captain Marvel
10) PM Kisan Yojana

Top-10 searched personalities

This time people of India have searched about the Abhinandan on Google the most. He is at the top position in the 'Personalities' category. Last year, Priya Prakash was at the first position. This year, Lata Mangeshkar is at number two, while Yuvraj Singh and Anand Kumar are at number three and fourth respectively.

1) Abhinandan Varthaman

2) Lata Mangeshkar

3) Yuvraj Singh

4) Anand Kumar

5) Vicky Kaushal

6) Rishabh Pant

7) Ranu Mondal

8) Tara Sutaria

9) Siddharth Shukla

10) Koena Mitra

Top-10 searched Movies

This year, the most searched movie on Google was Kabir Singh. The Avengers Endgame was at number two, while Joker and Captain Marvel were at number three and fourth respectively.

1) Kabir Singh

2) Avengers: Endgame

3) Joker

4) Captain Marvel

5) Super 30

6) Mission Mangal

7) Gully Boy

8) War

9) Housefull-4

10) Uri - The Surgical Strike

Top-10 Searched News

This year people searched about Lok Sabha Elections the most. The list of Top-10 Google News comprises Chandrayaan-2, Article-370, PM Kisan Yojana among others. It was said that the Lok Sabha elections and PM Modi’s oath-taking ceremony were among the most searched news items on Google this year.

 1) Lok Sabha election results

2) Chandrayaan 2

3) Article 370

4) PM Kisan Yojana

5) Maharashtra assembly elections

6) Haryana assembly election result

7) Pulwama attack

8) Cyclone Fani

9) Ayodhya verdict

10) Amazon forest fire

The Lok Sabha passed the International Financial Services Centres Authority Bill, 2019 on December 11, 2019.

The Lok Sabha passed the International Financial Services Centres Authority Bill, 2019 on December 11, 2019. The bill proposes setting of an authority to develop and regulate the financial services market in the International Financial Services Centres (IFSCs) in India. 

The bill will be applicable to all the International Financial Services Centres in India, which were set up under the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005.

International Financial Services Centres Authority

Composition 

The International Financial Services Centres Authority will comprise nine members including a Chairperson, all of whom will be appointed by the Union government. The members will comprise one each from RBI, SEBI, IRDAI and PFRDA and two officials from Union Ministry of Finance. The remaining two members will be appointed on the recommendation of a Search Committee. 

Term 

All members will have a term of three years, subject to their reappointment.

Key Functions

• The International Financial Services Centres Authority will regulate all financial products including securities, deposits and contracts of insurance, financial services and financial institutions that were approved previously by appropriate regulators such as RBI or SEBI in an IFSC. 

• The authority will follow all processes that apply to such financial products, financial services, and financial institutions as per their respective laws. 

• The International Financial Services Centres Authority Bill, 2019 comprises a scheduled with a list of all appropriate regulators including the RBI, SEBI, IRDAI and PFRDA. The schedule can be amended by the central government through a notification.

• The authority will also regulate other financial products, financial services, or financial institutions in an IFSC that may be notified by the union government.

• The authority may also recommend other financial products, financial services or financial institutions to the centre, as permitted in an IFSC.
 
Performance Review Committee

The authority will be required to constitute a Performance Review Committee, which will review its functioning. The committee will comprise at least two members of the Authority. 

The committee will be required to submit a report of its findings to the authority at least once every year. 

Functions of the review committee:

• The committee will review whether the authority has followed the provisions of the applicable laws while exercising its powers and performing its functions.

• It will also review the regulations made by the Authority, and evaluate whether they promote transparency and best practices of governance.

• It will also review whether the authority is managing risks to its functioning in a reasonable manner.

International Financial Services Centres Authority Fund

• The International Financial Services Centres Authority Bill, 2019 has also proposed setting up of the International Financial Services Centres Authority Fund. 

• All grants, fees, charges and sums received by the authority from different sources, as decided by the centre, will be credited to the fund.

• The fund will be utilized to give salaries, allowances and other remuneration to the members and employees of the Authority and for other expenses incurred by the Authority. 

• The centre may provide grants to the authority for the regulation of IFSCs. Besides this, all transactions of financial services in the IFSCs will be done in the foreign currency specified by the Authority, in consultation with the central government.

Background

The bill was introduced in the lower house by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on November 25, 2019. It was passed amid various objections by the opposition.

The bill was earlier withdrawn from the Rajya Sabha, as a finance bill is usually only tabled in the Lok Sabha. The bill had received approval from the Union Cabinet in February 2019.

Disha Act: The Andhra Pradesh cabinet has approved the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Criminal Law (Amendment) Act

Disha Act: The Andhra Pradesh cabinet has approved the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, which proposes harsh punishment for crimes against women. The cabinet under AP Chief Minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy gave its approval on December 11, 2019.

The Andhra Pradesh Criminal Law (Amendment) Act is also known as Disha Act. The act provides for harsher punishments to those guilty of heinous crimes against women including the death sentence.

The historic decision was taken as a measure to protect women and children in the state. The AP cabinet also approved Andhra Pradesh Special Court for Specified Offences against Women and Children Act, 2019.

Speedy trial and judgment

The Disha act calls for speedy trial within 14 days and judgment within 21 days in case of heinous crimes against women such as acid attacks and rape, in the presence of conclusive evidence.

Special courts to be set up

The Andhra cabinet has also given its approval to the Andhra Pradesh Special Court for Specified Offences against Women and Children Act 2019, which proposes the establishment of special courts in every district in the country to deal with cases of crimes against women and children.

The special courts will deal with serious offences such as acid attacks, rape, gang rape, sexual harassment, stalking and voyeurism. It would also deal with cases under the POCSO Act.

Punishment 

Under the bill, those found guilty of sexual abuse and assault on children will be tried under section 354 (F) of the Indian Penal Code. The AP cabinet has increased the jail term for such crimes under the POCSO Act. The punishment for a sexual attack on children will now invite 10-14 years of a jail term or life imprisonment, depending upon the severity of the committed crime.

The bill also proposes taking strict action against those who upload degrading posts about women on social media under Indian Penal Code section 354 (E). The first-time offenders will be punished with two years of jail term, while the second-time offenders will be punished with four years of jail term.

Besides this, the Disha Act proposes a death sentence to those guilty of heinous crimes against women.

Background

The Andhra Pradesh Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2019 has been drafted to speed up the trial process for severe crimes committed against women and children. Currently, there is a four-month trial period for such serious offences against women. The act reduces the period to just 21 days.

Further, the current sentence for those convicted of sexual abuse on children is 3-5 years of jail term. The act has increased the punishment to a minimum of 10 years of jail term, which can be extended to life imprisonment depending on the severity of the case.

INDRA 2019: The bilateral military exercise between India and Russia

INDRA 2019: The bilateral military exercise between India and Russia started at Babina (near Jhansi) recently. This military exercise is being held under the aegis of the United Nations (UN) aimed at combating terrorism and insurgency.

INDRA 2019 is scheduled to be held between 10-19 December 2019 at Babina (near Jhansi), Pune and Goa. In this exercise, mechanized contestants, combat and transport aircraft and ships of the armed forces of India and Russia will participate.

Key Highlights
• The exercise will include a five-day training phase with a comprehensive training course.
• It will include strategic operations such as the Cordon House Intervention, defusing of IEDs, curbing arms smuggling by sea route and measures to combat piracy will be practiced.
• This training phase will be followed by a 72-hour verification exercise.
• INDRA-2019 will conclude on December 19 with a demonstration of the power of integrated warfare and the closing ceremony.
• The objective of this exercise is to enhance the coordination of the two armies in maintaining peace and security under the aegis of the United Nations.

Benefits
• The armies of both countries will understand the best practices used by each other.
• This exercise is an example of mutual coordination between the two armies to achieve a common goal.
• There will be training exercises on the land, sea and in the air during the Indo-Russian joint combat exercise.
• The joint exercise will prove to be a milestone for future military exercises taking place all over the world. 
• It is even more important that both countries have achieved this feat when India and Russia are celebrating 72th anniversary of the India-Russia friendship.

Background

It was organized for the first time in 2017. About 900 military personnel of the Indian army and 1000 troops of Russia participated in INDIRA 2017. INDRA 2017 was an important event for the two countries because both armies were celebrating the 70th anniversary of military friendship.

Extend the reservation quota for SCs and STs

The Parliament has passed the bill that proposes to extend the reservation quota for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies by another 10 years.  The Constitution (126th) Amendment Bill was passed in the Rajya Sabha on December 12, 2019. 

The bill was passed in the upper house of the Parliament with 163 votes in favour and none against. The voting had taken place through division, as it was a constitution amendment bill. The Lok Sabha had passed the bill on December 10, 2019.

The Constitution (126th) Amendment Bill will now be sent to the states for ratification by at least 50 per cent of the assemblies before it is brought into force.

Objective 

The extension of the ST-SC quota in the legislatures is being considered significant to encourage the growth of more new political leaders from the two communities.

Constitution (126th) Amendment Bill: Key Features

• The Constitution (126th) Amendment Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha with 352 members voting in favour and none against it.

• The Indian Constitution provides for reservation of seats for the SC and ST community and representation of the Anglo-Indian community in form of nomination in the Lok Sabha and the legislative assemblies of the states.

• The provision was included for 70 years since the enactment of the Constitution on January 26, 1950. Hence, it is scheduled to expire on January 25, 2020.

• The Constitution (126th) Amendment Bill seeks to extend the reservation quota for the SC and ST community by another 10 years, till January 25, 2030. 

• The bill, however, does not propose an extension of reservation quota for the Anglo-Indian community, which is also set to expire on January 25.

Why does the bill not extend reservation quota for Anglo-Indians?

While the Constitution Amendment Bill proposes to extend reservation quota for the SCs and STs, it does not do the same for the Anglo-Indian community. The government justified the same by saying that there are only 296 Anglo-Indians in the country.

However, the government has not completely shut the possibility of granting reservation to the Anglo-Indians as it said that the matter of giving nomination to the community in the legislatures would be taken up for consideration later.   

Background

India currently has 84 MPs from the Scheduled Caste community and 47 MPs from the Scheduled Tribe community. In the state assemblies, there are 614 scheduled caste MLAs and 554 scheduled tribe MLAs.

British PM Boris Johnson’s Conservative party has won a large majority in the UK elections 2019

British PM Boris Johnson’s Conservative party has won a large majority in the UK elections 2019, paving the way forward for a smooth Brexit.

The Conservatives have won 364 seats out of the total 650 seats in the British House of Commons, while Jeremy Corbyn’s Labour Party won 203 seats.  Among other parties, the Scottish National Party won 48 seats, the Liberal Democrats won 11 and Democratic Unionist Party won 7.

Johnson’s decisive victory is set to clear path for Britain to leave the European Union in January 2020. Brexit was one of the key campaign promises of Boris Johnson.

UK elections 2019: Key Highlights 

• Boris Johnson's Conservatives have won with a large majority. The party has won 364 seats, way above the required majority of 326 seats. The vote share of the party also stood high at 43.6 percent, while the Labour Party’s vote share was 32.2 percent.

• The Liberal Democrat leader Jo Swinson lost her seat to the Scottish National Party. The SNP also increased its vote share in Scotland.

• The leader of the main opposition party, Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn announced that he would be standing down from his position and will not be leading the party into another election.  

• The result is a big win for Johnson, whose gamble of the early vote to break the Brexit deadlock in the British Parliament has paid off.

UK elections 2019 Results

Party

Results

Conservative Party

364

Labour Party

203

Scottish National Party

48

Liberal Democrats

11

Democratic Unionist Party

8

Sinn Fein

7

Plaid Cymru

4

Green Party

1

Brexit Party

-

UK Independence Party

-

Other Parties

3

Background

Boris Johnson's projected majority in the UK elections is the biggest win for his party since Margaret Thatcher’s in 1987. This would probably give him extra time to negotiate with the European Union and gather enough support in the British Parliament to get the Brexit deal approved.

The Brexit deadlock had almost paralysed the nation, with the British Parliament turning down all the Brexit deals agreed upon with the European Union leaders.

Britain’s current departure date from the European Union in January 31, 2019.

Citizenship Amendment Bill-2019

The Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019 was passed in Rajya Sabha on December 11, 2019. It was passed by 125 votes in favor while 105 members voted against it. Some people are opposing this bill while some people are supporting it. President Ram Nath Kovid also approved the bill. It will clear the path for Hindus from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan as well as for Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians to gain Indian citizenship.

 Citizenship Amendment Bill-2019

1. The Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019 (CAB) will be granted citizenship of India to Hindu, Christian, Sikh, Parsi, Jain, and Buddhist people who have fled from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh due to the religious persecution.
2. Such illegal migrants who have entered India by 31 December 2014 will be able to apply for Indian citizenship.
3. Right now, it is compulsory to reside in India for 11 years to get Indian citizenship. The new bill reduces the residency limit to six years.
4. The Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019 covers 6 communities – Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Parsi, Buddhist, and Christian migrants.

5. It has also been arranged that any legal action already taken against such people for s displacement or illegal migration will not affect his eligibility for permanent citizenship.
6. If the OCI cardholders violate the conditions, the center will have the right to cancel their card.
7. This bill was introduced in Lok Sabha in 2016. It was passed in Lok Sabha this year but stuck in the Rajya Sabha.
8. The Citizenship Amendment Bill was passed to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955.
9. It has been decided to give citizenship to people of other religions except Muslims in the new bill. The Opposition is taking up this matter and saying it a biased bill.
10. The Ministry of Home Affairs has empowered the concerned authorities in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi to provide citizenship and natural certificates to migrants under sections 5 and 6 of the Citizenship Act, 1955.

Why protest in North-East?

Almost all north-eastern states are protesting against the Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB). The protestors believe that they will become a linguistic minority in their own state if CAB becomes a law. Protestors are saying that it will violate Article-14 of the constitution – the right to equality. The widespread protests engulfed the entire north-east including – Meghalaya, Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Sikkim, Nagaland, and Mizoram.

Train service between Lahore - Wagah resumes after 22 years

The train service between Lahore and Wagah resumed operations after 22 years on December 15, 2019.

The shuttle train services between the two stations will complete three round trips daily. The train service will enable over 1000 passengers to commute between the stations in three trips.

The fare for the travel has been fixed at PKR 30. The train would take about an hour to reach Wagah with observing stoppages local stations including Jallo station. 

Objective 

The reviving of the Lahore-Wagah train service is the first step in the direction of reviving the connection of Lahore with its suburbs through rail routes. 

The current service will be followed by another train, which will ply between Lahore and Raiwind. The train service will be initiated within 15 days. This information was shared by Pakistan Railways Minister Sheikh Rashid who inaugurated the Lahore-Wagah train service. 

Significance

The Lahore-Wagah train service will provide a hassle-free commuting facility to hundreds of travellers who wish to watch the flag hoisting and lowering ceremony at the Wagah border or visit the Jallo Park in Lahore.

Background

The Lahore-Wagah train service was operational till 1997, after which it was suspended due to certain operational and security reasons.

Wagah station is the last station in Pakistan on the Lahore–Wagah railway line. It serves as a sub-urban border station, before crossing into India. 

The station is used for immigration and custom of passengers who travel between India and Pakistan through the Samjhauta Express.

In January 2020, Pakistan will launch the Lahore-Gujranwala train service. The train service is expected to be inaugurated by Pakistani PM Imran Khan. 

what is the difference between CAB and NRC ?

The CAB bill (Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019) was passed in the Indian Parliament on December 11, 2019 with 125 votes in favor and 105 votes against. The bill received presidential assent on December 12.

The passing of the cab bill triggered violent protests across the country, including the north-east, West Bengal and New Delhi. The national capital came to a standstill on December 15, when a student protest turned violent, leading to clashes with the police and torching of public buses. The protest march was organized by the students of Jamia Millia Islamia.

Following the violent clashes, the Delhi police detained over 100 Jamia students alleged to be involved in the violence. Thousands of people including students from other universities such as JNU and DU gathered outside the Delhi Police Headquarters late in the evening on December 15 to protest against the police crackdown on Jamia students and demand for the release of those detained.

Many celebrities and prominent personalities have raised their voices against the cab bill and its implementation and the crackdown of the police on the students protesting against it. There have also been protests against the nation-wide implementation of NRC. So let us understand what is cab and NRC, what is the difference between the two and why does the issue have the nation under boil.

CAB full form: Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019

NRC full form: National Register of Citizens 

What is CAB?

CAB is the Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019, which proposes to grant Indian citizenship to the religious minorities who have fled from three of India’s neighbouring nations- Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan- due to religious persecution or the fear of being persecuted.

Which religions are included in the cab bill?

The cab bill covers religious minorities belonging to six non-Muslim communities - Hindu, Sikh, Christian, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi. These religious minorities will be eligible for Indian citizenship if they entered India on or before December 31, 2014.

What were the previous citizenship criteria?

Till recently, it was compulsory to live in India for 11 years to be eligible for Indian citizenship. The new bill reduces the limit to six years.

What is NRC?

NRC is the National Register of Citizens, a process aimed at removing illegal immigrants from India. The NRC process was recently completed in Assam. However, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced in the Parliament in November that the NRC will be implemented across India.

What is the eligibility criteria under NRC?

Under NRC, a person is eligible to be a citizen of India if they prove that either they or their ancestors were in India on or before March 24, 1971. The Assam NRC process was initiated to weed out illegal Bangladeshi immigrants, who came into India during the India-Pakistan war in 1971, which led to the creation of Bangladesh.

Difference between CAB and NRC

CAB

NRC

CAB will provide Indian citizenship based on religion.

 

NRC has nothing to do with religion.

CAB likely to benefit non-Muslim immigrants. 

NRC is aimed at deportation of all illegal immigrants irrespective of their religions.

CAB to grant citizenship to non-Muslim immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.

NRC Assam was aimed at identifying 'illegal immigrants', mostly from Bangladesh.

CAB will grant citizenship to the religious minorities who entered India on or before December 31, 2014.

NRC will include those who can prove that either they or their ancestors lived in India on or before March 24, 1971.

Assam protests against CAB

The implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019 is expected to help those excluded by the Assam NRC. However, some groups in the state feel that it would nullify the Assam Accord of 1985.

The Assam Accord of 1985 had set March 24, 1971 as the cut-off date for the deportation of illegal refugees. While the whole purpose of the NRC was to weed out illegal immigrants irrespective of their religion, Assamese protestors feel that the cab bill will benefit the non-Muslim migrants in the state. 

ಸಿಎಬಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಎನ್ನಾರ್ಸಿ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ

ಸಿಎಬಿ ಮಸೂದೆ (ಪೌರತ್ವ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2019) ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 11, 2019 ರಂದು 125 ಮತಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವಿರುದ್ಧ 105 ಮತಗಳನ್ನು ಅಂಗೀಕರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು.  ಮಸೂದೆಗೆ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 12 ರಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರ ಅನುಮತಿ ದೊರೆತಿದೆ.

 ಕ್ಯಾಬ್ ಮಸೂದೆ ಅಂಗೀಕಾರವು ಈಶಾನ್ಯ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಬಂಗಾಳ ಮತ್ತು ನವದೆಹಲಿ ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ದೇಶಾದ್ಯಂತ ಹಿಂಸಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು.  ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 15 ರಂದು ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆ ಹಿಂಸಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಣಮಿಸಿದಾಗ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ರಾಜಧಾನಿ ಸ್ಥಗಿತಗೊಂಡಿತು, ಇದು ಪೊಲೀಸರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಘರ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಬಸ್ಸುಗಳನ್ನು ಸುಟ್ಟುಹಾಕಿತು.  ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನಾ ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಜಾಮಿಯಾ ಮಿಲಿಯಾ ಇಸ್ಲಾಮಿಯಾ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಆಯೋಜಿಸಿದ್ದರು.

 ಹಿಂಸಾತ್ಮಕ ಘರ್ಷಣೆಯ ನಂತರ, ಹಿಂಸಾಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾಗಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದನೆಂದು ಹೇಳಲಾದ 100 ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಜಾಮಿಯಾ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳನ್ನು ದೆಹಲಿ ಪೊಲೀಸರು ವಶಕ್ಕೆ ಪಡೆದರು.  ಜೆಎಂಯು ಮತ್ತು ಡಿಯು ಮುಂತಾದ ಇತರ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯಗಳ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳು ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ಸಾವಿರಾರು ಜನರು ದೆಹಲಿ ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಚೇರಿಯ ಹೊರಗೆ ಜಮಿಯಾ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಪೊಲೀಸರು ನಡೆಸಿದ ದಬ್ಬಾಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ವಿರೋಧಿಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬಂಧನಕ್ಕೊಳಗಾದವರನ್ನು ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡುವಂತೆ ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸಿದರು.

 ಕ್ಯಾಬ್ ಮಸೂದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಅನುಷ್ಠಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಪೊಲೀಸರ ದಬ್ಬಾಳಿಕೆಯ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಅನೇಕ ಗಣ್ಯರು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಧ್ವನಿ ಎತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.  ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವ್ಯಾಪಿ ಅನುಷ್ಠಾನದ ವಿರುದ್ಧವೂ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆಗಳು ನಡೆದಿವೆ.  ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕ್ಯಾಬ್ ಮತ್ತು ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಎಂದರೇನು, ಎರಡರ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸವೇನು ಮತ್ತು ಈ ವಿಷಯವು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವನ್ನು ಏಕೆ ಕುದಿಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳೋಣ.

 ಸಿಎಬಿ ಪೂರ್ಣ ರೂಪ: ಪೌರತ್ವ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2019

 ಎನ್ಆರ್ಸಿ ಪೂರ್ಣ ರೂಪ: ನಾಗರಿಕರ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನೋಂದಣಿ

 CAB ಎಂದರೇನು?

 CAB ಎಂಬುದು ಪೌರತ್ವ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2019, ಇದು ಭಾರತದ ಮೂರು ನೆರೆಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಾದ ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ, ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಅಫ್ಘಾನಿಸ್ತಾನದಿಂದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕಿರುಕುಳ ಅಥವಾ ಕಿರುಕುಳಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಗಾಗುವ ಭಯದಿಂದ ಪಲಾಯನ ಮಾಡಿದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರಿಗೆ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪೌರತ್ವವನ್ನು ನೀಡಲು ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪಿಸಿದೆ.

 ಕ್ಯಾಬ್ ಮಸೂದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ಧರ್ಮಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ?

 ಕ್ಯಾಬ್ ಮಸೂದೆಯು ಹಿಂದೂ, ಸಿಖ್, ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್, ಜೈನ್, ಬೌದ್ಧ ಮತ್ತು ಪಾರ್ಸಿ ಎಂಬ ಆರು ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮೇತರ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ.  ಈ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರು 2014 ರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 31 ರಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದರೆ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪೌರತ್ವ ಪಡೆಯಲು ಅರ್ಹರಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ.

 ಹಿಂದಿನ ಪೌರತ್ವ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?

 ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನವರೆಗೂ, ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪೌರತ್ವಕ್ಕೆ ಅರ್ಹರಾಗಲು 11 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಕಾಲ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುವುದು ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾಗಿತ್ತು.  ಹೊಸ ಮಸೂದೆಯು ಮಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಆರು ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಗೆ ಇಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

 ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಎಂದರೇನು?

 ಎನ್ಆರ್ಸಿ ನಾಗರಿಕರ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನೋಂದಣಿ, ಇದು ಭಾರತದಿಂದ ಅಕ್ರಮ ವಲಸಿಗರನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಹಾಕುವ ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.  ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಅಸ್ಸಾಂನಲ್ಲಿ ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಂಡಿತು.  ಆದರೆ, ಭಾರತದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಜಾರಿಗೆ ತರಲಾಗುವುದು ಎಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಗೃಹ ಸಚಿವ ಅಮಿತ್ ಶಾ ನವೆಂಬರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಘೋಷಿಸಿದರು.

 ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಹತಾ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳು ಏನು?

 ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 24, 1971 ರಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಅವರು ಅಥವಾ ಅವರ ಪೂರ್ವಜರು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದರು ಎಂದು ಸಾಬೀತುಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರಜೆಯಾಗಲು ಅರ್ಹನಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಅಕ್ರಮ ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶಿ ವಲಸಿಗರನ್ನು ಕಳೆಗಟ್ಟಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಲಾಯಿತು.  1971 ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಭಾರತ-ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ ಯುದ್ಧದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶದ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಯಿತು.

 ಸಿಎಬಿ ಮತ್ತು ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ

 ಕ್ಯಾಬ್

 ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ

 ಸಿಎಬಿ ಧರ್ಮದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪೌರತ್ವವನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಿದೆ.

 ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿಗೆ ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕೂ ಯಾವುದೇ ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಲ್ಲ.

 ಸಿಎಬಿ ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮೇತರ ವಲಸಿಗರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ.

 ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಅಕ್ರಮ ವಲಸಿಗರನ್ನು ಅವರ ಧರ್ಮಗಳ ಹೊರತಾಗಿಯೂ ಗಡೀಪಾರು ಮಾಡುವ ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.

 ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ, ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ ಮತ್ತು ಅಫ್ಘಾನಿಸ್ತಾನದಿಂದ ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮೇತರರಿಗೆ ವಲಸೆ ನೀಡಲು ಸಿಎಬಿ.

 ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿ ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶದ 'ಅಕ್ರಮ ವಲಸಿಗರನ್ನು' ಗುರುತಿಸುವ ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿತ್ತು.

 2014 ರ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 31 ರಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರಿಗೆ ಸಿಎಬಿ ಪೌರತ್ವ ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ.

 ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 24, 1971 ರಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಅವರು ಅಥವಾ ಅವರ ಪೂರ್ವಜರು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಎಂದು ಸಾಬೀತುಪಡಿಸುವವರನ್ನು ಎನ್ಆರ್ಸಿ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

 ಸಿಎಬಿ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನೆ

 ಪೌರತ್ವ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಮಸೂದೆ, 2019 ರ ಅನುಷ್ಠಾನವು ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಗುಳಿದವರಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುವ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಿದೆ.  ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ, ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಕೆಲವು ಗುಂಪುಗಳು ಇದು 1985 ರ ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವನ್ನು ರದ್ದುಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

 1985 ರ ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ 24, 1971 ರಂದು ಅಕ್ರಮ ನಿರಾಶ್ರಿತರನ್ನು ಗಡೀಪಾರು ಮಾಡುವ ದಿನಾಂಕವನ್ನು ನಿಗದಿಪಡಿಸಿತ್ತು.  ಎನ್‌ಆರ್‌ಸಿಯ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಉದ್ದೇಶವೆಂದರೆ ಅಕ್ರಮ ವಲಸಿಗರನ್ನು ಅವರ ಧರ್ಮವನ್ನು ಲೆಕ್ಕಿಸದೆ ಕಳೆ ತೆಗೆಯುವುದು, ಅಸ್ಸಾಮೀಸ್ ಪ್ರತಿಭಟನಾಕಾರರು ಕ್ಯಾಬ್ ಮಸೂದೆಯು ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮೇತರ ವಲಸಿಗರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.

Tony-Ann Singh of Jamaica was crowned Miss World 2019 at the event held at the ExCeL London on December 14. Suman Rao of India was the second runner-up.

second runner-up

Tony-Ann Singh of Jamaica was crowned Miss World 2019 at the event held at the ExCeL London on December 14. Suman Rao of India was the second runner-up.

• • India Today Web Desk
• New Delhi
• December 14, 2019
• UPDATED: December 15, 2019 02:05 IST

Image posted on Twitter by the official handle of Miss World.

Tony-Ann Singh of Jamaica was announced as the winner of the Miss World 2019 beauty pageant held at the ExCeL London on December 14. She was crowned by her predecessor - Miss World 2018 Vanessa Ponce from Mexico - in an epic moment on the stage. Ophely Mezino of France and Suman Rao of India were the first and second runners up of the beauty pageant respectively.

Rajasthan’s Suman Rao, 20, won the Miss India 2019 contest in June. She aspires to be an actor and has been busy over the past few months with several modelling assignments and studies. While speaking to news agency IANS after her Miss India win, Suman had said that she aims to strike an important conversation on gender equality in her community, as well as globally.

The top five contestants participated in the final question-and-answer round. British broadcaster Piers Morgan appeared as the head judge at the event and asked the finalists to answer the questions.

Miss World 2019 was the 69th edition of the contest and contestants from 120 countries competed for the title. The opening ceremony of Miss World 2019 was held in London on November 20. After competing in several fast-track events, 10 were selected for the finals.

Some of the contestants who competed for the title are Daniella Lundqvist from Sweden, Lucy Brock from New Zealand, Milena Sadowska from Poland, Bhasha Mukherjee from England, Naomi Colford from Canada, Malika Sera from Japan and Emmy Cuvelier from the US.

Sanna Marin:- the youngest prime minister of the world

Personal details about Sanna Marin

Full Name: Sanna Mirella Marin

Date of Birth: 16 November 1985 (age 34)

Place of Birth: Helsinki, Finland

Political party: Social Democratic Party

Spouse(s): Markus Räikkönen

Children: 1

Education: Graduated, Bachelor of Administrative Sciences in 2012. (University of Tampere) 

Personal life of Sanna Marin

Sanna Marin is the child of same-sex parents. She is married to her long-time boyfriend Markus Räikkönen. Sanna is a mother of one child also.

(Sanna with her husband)

The Political career of Sanna Marin

Sanna Marin has completed her graduation in Bachelor of Administrative Sciences from the University of Tampere in 2012.

served as the chairperson of the City Council from 2013 to 2017. The career of Sanna got a boost in 2014 when she was elected second deputy chairperson of the Social Democratic Party.

Sanna Marin was elected to the Parliament of Finland in 2015 and repeated the same in June 2019 and became the Minister of Transport and Communications.

The current Prime Minister Antti Rinne has resigned from the post because he could not prove his majority in the parliament.

Rinne's resignation prompted the Social Democratic party to make the next government with the help of other parties I.e. Center Party, the Greens, the Left Alliance and the Swedish People's Party.

Finland's Social Democrats has elected 34-year-old Sanna Marin to lead the coalition government. So she is all set to become the youngest Prime Minister of Finland. She would also be the country’s third female Prime Minister ever.

Marin would surpass the record of Ukraine's Prime Minister Oleksiy Honcharuk, who is currently 35.

Worth to mention that the other youngest Prime Minister/Head of the world includes; Oleksiy Honcharuk (35) of Ukraine, Kim Jong-un (35) of North Korea and Jacinda Ardern (39) of New Zealand.

So this the important information about the world's youngest Prime Minister Sanna Marin. To read such more articles click on the link given below.