ಪ್ರತ್ಯೆಕ ದ್ವಜದ ವಿವಾದ

ವಿವಾದದಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ವಿಚಾರ: ಒಂದೇ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ, ಒಂದೇ ಧ್ವಜ; ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಗೃಹ ಇಲಾಖೆ

ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು: ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಹೊಂದುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಅವಕಾಶ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ, ತ್ರಿವರ್ಣ ಧ್ವಜವೇ ಭಾರತದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಧ್ವಜ, ಒಂದೇ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ, ಒಂದೇ ಧ್ವಜ ಎಂಬ ನೀತಿಗೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಗೃಹ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ ಸೂಚನಿ ನೀಡಿದೆ.

ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ರೂಪಿಸಿ, ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾನೂನು ಮಾನ್ಯತೆ ನೀಡುವ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಪರಾಮರ್ಶಿಸಲು ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸರಕಾರ, ಒಂಬತ್ತು ಮಂದಿಯ ಸಮಿತಿ ರಚಿಸಿದ್ದು, ಇದು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರವ್ಯಾಪಿ ವಿವಾದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿದೆ.

ರಾಜ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಳಿತದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ಸರಕಾರ, ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಇದ್ದರೆ ತಪ್ಪೇನು ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಿರುವ ಸಿಎಂ ಸಿದ್ದರಾಮಯ್ಯ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ನಾಡಧ್ವಜದ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಸಮರ್ಥಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ರಾಜ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ನಾಡಗೀತೆ ಅಧಿಕೃತವಾಗಿ ಇದೆ.

ಅದೇ ರೀತಿ ನಾಡ ಧ್ವಜ ಇದ್ದರೆ ತಪ್ಪೇನೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಧ್ವಜ ರೂಪಿಸುವ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಸಮಿತಿ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ವರದಿ ಬಂದ ಬಳಿಕ ತೀರ್ಮಾನ ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗುವುದು' ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

'ಕನ್ನಡ ನಾಡಧ್ವಜವನ್ನು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗೊಳಿಸಿ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಸ್ವರೂಪ ನೀಡಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಡಾ. ಪಾಟೀಲ ಪುಟ್ಟಪ್ಪ ಅವರೂ ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ಹಲವಾರು ಕನ್ನಡಪರ ಹೋರಾಟಗಾರರು ಮನವಿ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ' ಎಂದೂ ವಿವರಿಸಿದರು.

ನಾವು ಒಂದೇ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದೇವೆ, ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಹೊಂದುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಕಾನೂನಿಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶವಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಗೃಹ ಇಲಾಖೆ ವಕ್ತಾರರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿರುವ ಗೃಹ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ ಧ್ವಜ ಜನರನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆಯೇ ಹೊರತು ಸರ್ಕಾರವನ್ನಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಸಿದೆ.

ನಾಡ ಧ್ವಜವನ್ನ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಅಥವಾ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ ವೇಳೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾಪನಾ ದಿನದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಹಾರಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ನಾಡಧ್ವಜದ ವಿಚಾರವನ್ನು ಕೆಲ ಜನಗಳು ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಬಹುದು ಅವಕಾಶವಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಯೊಬ್ಬರು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ,

ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ನಾಡ ಧ್ವಜ ಹೊಂದುವ ಅವಕಾಶ ಸಿಕ್ಕರೇ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಹೊಂದಿದ ಎರಡನೇ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಜಮ್ಮು ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ 370ನೇ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ಮೊದಲ ರಾಜ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ದೇಶ ಒಂದೇ ಧ್ವಜ ನೀತಿ ಇದ್ದು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತೇಕೆ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಧ್ವಜ ಎಂದು ವಿಪಕ್ಷ ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಿದೆ. ಸಂವಿಧಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ಮಾಡಲು ಅವಕಾಶವಿಲ್ಲ, ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಿತಿ ರಚಿಸುವ ಅಗತ್ಯ ಏನಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಿದೆ.

ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಧ್ವಜ ರೂಪಿಸಿ, ಕಾನೂನು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟು ನೀಡಲು ಜೂನ್ 6ರಂದು ಕನ್ನಡ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಇಲಾಖೆ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಿತಿ ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.

ಇನ್ನೂ ಸಿದ್ದರಾಮಯ್ಯ ಅವರ ಈ ತೀರ್ಮಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ಹೈಕಮಾಂಡ್ ತೀವ್ರ ಅಸಮಾಧಾನ ವ್ಯಕ್ತ ಪಡಿಸಿದೆ. ಸಿಎಂ ಜೊತೆ ಈ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಚರ್ಚಿಸುವುದಾಗಿ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ಉಸ್ತುವಾರಿ ಕೆ.ಸಿ ವೇಣುಗೋಪಾಲ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ನಡೆಗೆ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸಾಹಿತಿಗಳು ಬೆಂಬಲ ಸೂಚಿಸಿದ್ದು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ನಾಡಧ್ವಜ ಇದ್ದರೇ ತಪ್ಪೆನಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಸಮರ್ಥಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

Economic Survey 2016-17

Highlights of the Economic Survey 2016-17 Volume-2 

Fiscal Developments

 

·         The fiscal outcome of the Central Government in 2016-17 was marked by strong growth in tax revenue, sustenance of the pace of capital spending and a consolidation of non-salary/pension revenue expenditure. This combination allowed the Government to contain the fiscal deficit to 3.5 per cent of GDP in 2016-17.

·         The Union Budget for 2017-18 opted for a gradual fiscal consolidation path: the fiscal deficit is expected to decline to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2017-2018. The fiscal deficit target of 3 per cent of GDP under the FRBM framework is projected to be achieved in 2018-19.

·         The Budget for 2017-18 introduced a number of procedural reforms, including: the integration of the Railway Budget with the Union Budget; advancing of the date of the Union Budget to February 1, almost by a month; elimination of the classification of expenditure into ‘plan’ and ‘non-plan’; and, restructuring of the Medium Term Expenditure Framework Statement with projected expenditures (revenue and capital) for each demand for the next two financial years.

·          Overshadowing these otherwise significant fiscal policy initiatives is the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax with effect from the 1^st day of July 2017, encompassing a plethora of the Central and State level indirect taxes, paving the way for a dramatic transformation of the Indian markets and the economy.

 

Monetary Management and Financial Intermediation

 

·         The Reserve Bank of India cut the policy rate by 50 basis points during 2016-17. However, it shifted its monetary policy stance from accommodative to neutral in February 2017.  As of August 2017 Repo rate stood at 6.00 per cent and reverse repo rate at 5.75 per cent.

·         Monetary aggregates decelerated significantly following the withdrawal of legal tender status of specified bank notes on November 9, 2016. As of 31^st March 2017, currency in circulation contracted by 19.7 per cent whereas reserve money contracted by 12.9 per cent.

·         Credit off-take from banks continued to decelerate further. During 2016-17, gross bank credit outstanding grew at around 7 per cent on an average. The average gross bank credit to industry contracted by 0.2 per cent in the FY 2016-17.

·         Sluggish growth and increasing indebtedness in some sectors of the economy have impacted the asset quality of banks and this is a cause for concern. The gross non-performing advances (GNPAs) ratio of SCBs rose from 9.2 per cent in September 2016 to 9.5 per cent in March 2017.

·         Financial inclusion is proceeding apace under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. Zero balance accounts under PMJDY has declined consistently from nearly 58 per cent in March 2015 to around 24 per cent as of December 2016.

 

Prices and Inflation

 

·         Significant moderation in CPI headline inflation during the last three years. CPI inflation fell to a series low of 1.5 percent in June 2017.

·         Broad based decline in all commodity groups during 2016-17, the most significant being decline in food. 

·         Food inflation, which was the main driver of inflation in the past, declined significantly during the year because of improvements in supply of pulses and vegetables on the back of a normal monsoon. Core inflation-indicative of underlying trends -- too declined in the last few months.

·         Convergence between CPI and WPI inflation in the last few months.

·         Most States/UTs witnessed sharp decline in CPI inflation in 2016-17 as compared to the previous year.

·         Both rural and urban inflation have declined in 2016-17 and the gap between rural and urban inflation has narrowed down in recent months.

 

Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Energy

 

·         India ratified the Paris Agreement on 2^nd October, 2016. India’s actions for the post-2020 period are based on its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).

·         India’s NDC targets to lower the emissions intensity of GDP by 33 - 35 per cent by 2030 from2005 levels, to increase the share of non-fossil based power generation capacity to 40 per cent of installed electric power capacity(cumulative) by 2030, and to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 Gt CO₂e through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

·         At the multilateral level, the international community is engaged in writing the “Paris rule book” which includes guidelines and modalities for the implementation of the Paris Agreement for the transparency framework for action and support, features and accounting of NDCs etc. At the national level, the roadmap for implementation of India’s NDC is being prepared, by constituting an Implementation Committee and six Sub-Committees. The Committees are working to elaborate their respective NDC goals and identify specific policies and actions aimed at achieving them.

·         India has set itself ambitious targets in the area of renewable energy. Moving ahead in this direction, India is implementing the largest renewable energy expansion programme in the world. It envisages a 5-fold increase in the overall renewable energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022. This includes 100 GW of solar, 60 GW of wind, 10 GW of biomass, and 5 GW of small hydro power capacity. 

·         There is an urgent need to further increase the access of the poor to more efficient energy resources. Many schemes have been implemented by the government to tackle this like Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, PAHAL scheme, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana. A large number of focused initiatives have been taken in various sectors of the economy to ensure a pathway of lower emission and climate resilient development.

·         India is at a stage of development that requires it to grow at a fast rate and lift the large number of their citizens from below the poverty line. Energy deprivation levels for a sizeable portion of population remain at high levels. The SDG 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

·         Social cost analysis of coal and renewables based power done in the chapter indicate higher social costs for renewables. Storage costs and stranding of assets based on coal based power are major costs associated with the renewables based power. Given that the first goal for India is to provide 100 per cent energy access to its population and bridge the development deficit gap, all energy sources need to be tapped.

·         A number of initiatives have been taken in the Indian financial sector also. In the renewable energy segment, as per the notification of the RBI in May 2016, bank loans of up to Rs.15 crore for solar-based power generators, biomass-based power generators, wind mills, micro-hydel plants, etc. will be considered part of Priority Sector Lending. The External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) norms have been further liberalized so that green projects can tap this window for raising finance across the borders. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has, in May 2017, put in place the framework for issuance of green bonds.

 

External Sector

 

·         India’s balance of payments situation which was benign and comfortable during 2013-14 to 2015-16, further improved in 2016-17, as a result of low and falling trade and current account deficits and moderate and rising capital inflows, resulting in further accretion of foreign exchange reserves.

·         Reflecting the slowly improving world economic situation, India’s exports turned positive at 12.3 per cent in 2016-17 after an interregnum of two years. This along with a marginal decline in imports by 1.0 per cent resulted in narrowing down of trade deficit to US$ 112.4 billion (5 per cent of GDP) in 2016-17 as compared to US$ 130.1 billion (6.2 per cent of GDP) in 2015-16.

·         The current account deficit (CAD) narrowed down progressively to 0.7 per cent of GDP in 2016-17 from 1.1 per cent of GDP in 2015-16 led by sharp contraction in trade deficit which more than outweighed a decline in net invisibles earnings.

·         Net capital inflows were slightly lower at US$ 36.8 billion (1.6 per cent of GDP) in 2016-17 as compared to US$ 40.1 billion (1.9 per cent of GDP) in the previous year, mainly due to fall in NRI deposits.

·         Gross FDI inflows to India increased significantly to US$ 60.2 billion in 2016-17 from US$ 55.6 billion in 2015-16. Net FDI inflows (i.e. net of outward FDI) at US$ 35.6 billion, however, moderated marginally by 1.1 per cent from US$ 36.0 billion in 2015-16.

·         In 2017-18 (April-June) there was double digit export growth at 10.6 per cent with export growth continuing to be in positive territory continuously for the last eleven months.

·         Among the major economies running current account deficit, India is the second largest foreign exchange reserve holder after Brazil with reserves at US$ 386.4 billion as on 7^th July, 2017.

·         The average monthly exchange rate of the rupee against the US dollar after depreciating continuously from November 2016 to January 2017, has appreciated continuously from February to June 2017, while in the case of the Pound sterling, Euro and Japanese yen there have been monthly variations. The rupee performed better than many other EME-currencies in 2016-17.

·         During 2016-17, while on an average (on a y-o-y basis), the Indian rupee depreciated by 2.4 per cent against the US dollar, in terms of the nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) against a basket of 6 and 36 currencies, the rupee depreciated by 0.5 per cent and 0.1 per cent, respectively. However, in terms of the real effective exchange rate (REER) against a basket of 6 and 36 currencies, it appreciated by 2.7 per cent and 2.2 per cent, respectively in 2016-17.

·         Most of the external debt indicators of India improved at end-March 2017 compared end-March, 2016. India’s aggregate external debt stock at end-March 2017 stood at US$ 471.9 billion registering a decline of US$ 13.1 billion (2.7 per cent) over end-March 2016. The ratio of external debt to GDP fell to 20.2 per cent from 23.5 per cent, while foreign exchange reserves provided a cover of 78.4 per cent to external debt compared to 74.3 per cent in the previous year. Debt service ratio fell to 8.3 per cent from 8.8 per cent and ratio of concessional debt to total external debt increased to 9.3 per cent from 9.0 per cent. Short term debt (residual maturity) to total external debt fell to 41.5 per cent from 42.7 per cent. Short term debt (residual maturity) to forex reserves also fell to 52.9 per cent from 57.4 per cent. Cross country comparison of external debt indicates that India continues to be among the less vulnerable countries.

·         Some green shoots have started to appear in the trade horizon as well with world trade growth projected at 3.8 per cent and 3.9 per cent in 2017 and 2018 and India’s trade growth also picking up.

 

Agriculture and Food Management

 

·         The average farm size in India is small, and declining since 1970-71. The predominance of small operational holdings is a major limitation to reap the benefits of economies of scale in agriculture operations.

·         The progress in agriculture needs to be evaluated in terms of outcomes such as catching up with global yields of various crops as a means to increase incomes of farmers.

·         Credit is an important mediating input for agriculture to improve productivity. The predominance of informal sources of credit for farmers is a concern. There is regional disparity in the distribution of agricultural credit which also needs to be addressed.

·         The key challenge that the horticulture sector faces in India are post-harvest losses, availability of quality planting material and lack of market access for horticultural produce of small farmers.

 

Industry and Infrastructure

 

·         Industrial performance has shown a moderation from 8.8 percent during 2015-16 to 5.6 percent in 2016-17.

·          Industrial growth as per Index of Industrial Production (IIP) new series of 2011-12 shows overall IIP growth at 5 percent in 2016-17 as compared to 3.4 percent last year.

·         The Index of Eight Core Industries growth during 2016-17 was 4.8 percent as compared to 3.0 percent in 2015-16.

·         The Government in 2016 introduced imposition of Minimum Import Price (MIP) to counter dumping of Steel into Indian markets. Steps taken by the government have borne fruit since imports of Steel by India have declined by 36.2 percent while exports have risen by 102 percent in 2016-17.

·         The apparel sector is a highly employment intensive industry especially for women. The Government on 22^nd June 2016 approved Rs.6,000 crore special package for textile & apparel sector. Post the release of funds in November 2016, there has been a marked rise in clothing exports.

·         The measures taken by the Government has resulted in FDI equity inflow of 43.4 Billion USD in Financial Year 2016-17, which is the highest ever FDI Equity inflows.

·         India is far ahead than many emerging economies in terms of providing qualitative transportation related infrastructure.

·         During 2016-17, Indian Railways registered freight earnings at Rs.104339 crore (P), registered a negative growth of 4.5 per cent over 2015-16 due to carrying larger volume of low fare freight in the year. Passenger earnings at Rs.46280 crore (P) registered an increase of 4.5 per cent during 2016-17.

·         Indian domestic airlines have a very lower share in international traffic to and from India. Factors like foreign airlines utilising the 6^th freedom of the air, expansion of capacity entitlements under bilateral air service agreements with foreign countries, lower utilisation of India’s own capacity entitlements, the 0/20 rule and fleet constraints are responsible for the same.

•      The Government formulated and launched the UDAY scheme for financial turnaround of power distribution companies on November 20, 2015. The 26 states and 1 UT which have joined the UDAY scheme account for total outstanding debt of Rs. 3.82 lakh Cr. So far, fifteen states have issued UDAY bonds totaling Rs.2.09 lakh Cr. and DISCOMs have issued Bonds worth Rs. 0.23 lakh Cr.

•      After the introduction of UDAY, National average (all UDAY states) of AT&C loss has come down to 20.2 per cent in FY 2017 from 21.1 per cent in FY 2016; billing efficiency has been increased by 2 per cent from 81 per cent in 2015-16 to 83 per cent in 2016-17 at all India level and 15 states have issued tariff-revisions for FY 2017-18.

•      Under Smart Cities Mission, 57 projects worth Rs.941 crore have already been completed as of April 2017. An estimated additional 462 projects worth Rs.15307 crore are likely to be completed through 2018 provided all the projects that have commenced implementation and those that have been tendered stick to their timelines.

 

Services Sector

 

·         The services sector remains the key driver of India’s economic growth, contributing almost 62 per cent of its gross value added growth in 2016-17. However, the growth of this sector has moderated to 7.7 per cent in 2016-17 compared to 9.7 per cent achieved in the previous year, though it continues to be higher than the other two sectors and nearly at the top among the 15 major economies.

·         The services growth moderation is mainly due to deceleration in growth in two services categories- trade, hotels, transport, communication and services related to broadcasting (7.8 per cent), and financial, real estate & professional services (5.7 per cent). The share of services sector in total gross capital formation (GCF), at current prices has increased consistently over the last four years from 53.3 per cent in 2011-12 to 60.3 per cent in 2015-16.

·         There has been a significant growth in FDI equity inflows in 2014-15 and 2015-16 in general (27.3 per cent and 29.3 per cent) and to the services sector in particular (67.3 per cent and 64.3 per cent for top 15 services). However, in 2016-17, the growth rate of total FDI equity inflows moderated and FDI equity inflows to the services sector (top 15 services) declined.

·         India’s and world’s services export trend growth were almost flat in the pre-crisis period, while in the post-crisis period, the deceleration in trend growth of India’s services was sharper than world services export growth. In 2016-17, services exports recorded a positive growth of 5.7 per cent with pick up in some major sectors like transportation, business services and financial services; and good growth in travel. However, Software services exports, accounting for around 45.2 per cent of total services, declined though marginally by 0.7 per cent.

·         The performance of India’s Services Sector has been subdued in 2016-17 in line with the global trend. However, some services continue to be key drivers of India’s economic growth. There was reasonably good performance in telecom with increase in telecom connections reflecting the Jio effect, aviation particularly domestic travel, tourism related services particularly in terms of foreign exchange earnings, and even information technology-business process management (IT-BPM) despite fall in growth in computer software.  

·         As per the Ministry of Tourism data, Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) during 2016 grew by 9.7 per cent and Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) through Tourism, in US$ terms, grew by 8.8 per cent. Various initiatives have been taken by the Government to promote tourism sector of the country that include e-Visa for the citizens of 161 countries, promotion of India as a 365 days destination,launching of Multilingual Tourist Infoline, and Swachh Paryatan Mobile App.

·         As per NASSCOM, in 2016-17 India’s total revenue (exports plus domestic) of the IT-BPM sector including and excluding hardware is expected to touch US$154 billion and US $140 billion, with growths of 7.8 per cent and 8.1 per cent respectively. IT-BPM exports are expected to reach USD 117 billion, with a growth of 7.6 per cent. Meanwhile, the Government of India’s rapid adoption of technologies as a platform to delivery of government-to-government and government-to-citizen services is a tremendous push factor for the domestic IT-BPM market.

·         Real estate sector including ownership and dwellings accounted for 7.6 per cent share in India’s overall GVA in 2015-16. The growth of this sector decelerated in the last three years from 7.5 per cent in 2013-14 to 6.7 per cent in 2014-15 and further to 4.5 per cent in 2015-16. Despite the subdued demand, residential prices did not fall with the NHB RESIDEX, showing increase in prices in 33 cities out of 50 cities in 2016-17 Q4 over 2015-16 Q4.

·         Satellite mapping and launching services are two areas in which India is making a mark and has huge potential for the future. The foreign exchange earned by India from satellite mapping in the last five years was more than Rs 100 crores. Foreign exchange earnings of India from export of satellite launch services has increased noticeably in 2015-16 and 2016-17 and consequently India’s share in global satellite launch services revenue has also increased.

·         India’s services sector growth, which was highly resilient even during the global financial crisis, has been showing moderation in recent times.  However, pick up is seen in recent months with some segments of the sector showing better performance.

 

Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development

 

·         The deterioration in quality learning in primary education sector and achievement of targeted enrolment level in the middle education is a challenge

·         Employment in India poses a great challenge in terms of its structure which is dominated by informal, unorganized and seasonal workers, and is characterized by high levels of under employment, skill shortages, with the labour markets impacted by rigid labour laws, and the emergence of contract labour.

·         The health sector in India faces many challenges in the form of declining role of public delivery of health services, high Out of Pocket (OoP) expenses on health and issues of accessibility and affordability of health services for many.

·         The Government’s Swachh Bharat Mission has had remarkable progress since its inception. With its focus on cleanliness and Open Defecation Free (ODF) India, there has been a significant decline in the number of people who defecate in the open, which is estimated at less than 35 crores.

 

******

DSM/SBS/KA

 

ಕಿಗಾಲಿ ಅಗ್ರೀಮೆಂಟ್ ವಿವರಣೆ

Kigali Agreement explained

Various agreements were made by nations across the world to protect environment and to curb ozone layer depletion. For example, the Paris agreement, the Montreal protocol was some of the environmental treaties to overcome the climate changes. Apart from all these agreements, what makes the Kigali agreement different? What is the significance of Kigali agreement?

This article goes through each aspect of the agreement and its relevance and how it differs from other agreements.

Kigali Agreement – An Overview

Basically, Kigali agreement can be viewed as an amendment to Montreal protocol. The agreement took place in Kigali, the capital city of tiny African country, Rwanda, on 15^th October, 2016. Almost 197 countries around the globe, including developed and developing countries joined together to limit the Hydro fluorocarbon [HFCs] emission to a certain extent.

Further, reduction in manufacture and use of HFCs will considerably reduce global temperature rise by 2100.

The Montreal Protocol

The Montreal protocol was signed on 16^th September, 1987 and it came into force on 1^st January, 1989. Latter, it underwent various revisions over the years and Kigali agreement being the latest. The Montreal protocol was mainly for substances that deplete the ozone layer. An international treaty to protect ozone layer, including 197 nations making it the first universally ratified treaties.

As a result of Montreal protocol, atmospheric concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs], has declined drastically. However, the use of HFCs has boomed over the same period. Its mostly because of the fact that CFCs were substituted with HFCs. Overall, the Montreal protocol has a positive impact on environment as evidenced by a stark decline of ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere.

Kigali Agreement- Objectives

197 countries came to an agreement to phase out a potential group of green house gas by the end of 2040, thereby prevent 0.5 Celsius temperature rise by the end of the century.

Important aspects of Kigali agreement

197 countries with a set time limit

197 countries around the planet including India, China and the United States signed Kigali Agreement. Further these nations set a timeline to phase out the use of HFCs to 85% of their baselines by 2045.

Not only ozone layer depletion, but also reduce global warming

This agreement is significant as it amends Montreal protocol in 1987. The Montreal protocol was focusing only on substances responsible for ozone layer depletion and thereby reducing its use. On the other hand, the Kigali agreement is pointing out towards green house gases that are responsible for global warming. Hence, this agreement is significant in protection of ozone layer as well as to reduce global warming.

Cool the world by the end of this century

Another important aspect of this agreement is to cap global warming well below 2 degree Celsius by 2100. Furthermore, it plans to reduce prevent a potential 0.5 degree Celsius rise in global temperature. Therefore, reduction in global warming coupled with prevention of temperature rise can cool the planet by the end of this century.

197 countries, three groups with different timelines for reductionFirst group comprises of the richest countries, including the US and nations in the European Union. There target is to freeze the production and consumption of HFCs by 2018. Moreover, these countries aim to reduce these green house gas levels to about 15% of 2012 levels, by 2036.Second group of countries includes China, Brazil and whole of African continent. They will freeze HFC use by 2024 reducing it up to 20% of 2021 levels by 2045.

Third group include developing economies as well as some of the hottest countries like India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain. These nations will be freezing HFC use by 2028 and plans to reduce about 15% of 2025 levels by 2047.

A global initiative to mitigate climate change

The Kigali agreement is a reaffirmation of global initiative to mitigate climatic change. By reducing the use and consumption of potent green house gases across the world, this will reduce the climate change, rising sea levels and so on. Eventually World will have enough food supply due to an increase in agricultural production,by tackling the issue of climatic change. Therefore, this agreement is a global initiative to safeguard world’s food production.

A breakthrough for replacing noxious substance with other alternatives

This agreement is the biggest step taken to tackle various issues related to climatic change. Along with this, it gives a clear message to global markets to start substituting noxious substances with environment friendly and energy efficient alternatives. This will create a revolutionary change in all fields and the world will be switched to renewable sources of energy.

HFCs and its impact on global warming

Hydro fluorocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contains carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. Chlorofluorocarbon were responsible for ozone depletion. So HFCs there introduced in markets as a replacement to Chlorofluocarbons. HFCs are commonly used in refrigerators and air conditioners. According to the recent studies without a mitigation plan, these gases will warm up the world by additional half degree Celsius by the end of the century. Even though, HFCs have zero ozone depletion potential [ODP], they contribute significantly to global warming. Common HFCs include trifluoromethane  [HFC-23], difluoromethane [HFC-32], fluoromethane [HFC-41] and so on.

Also read : Western Ghats: Geographical features,biodiversity and its conservation.

India and Kigali agreement

India whole heartedly welcomed Kigali agreement and extended its flexibility and cooperation along with other nations. Along with other global compacts on environmental issues, India pressed for a lenient deadline. Ultimately, India agreed to freeze HFC use in 2028, four years later than its peer countries like China, Brazil etc. Moreover, India will achieve maximum reduction by 2047, two years later than India’s peer groups.

However, in a welcome contrast to Kigali agreement, India has ordered the manufactures of HFC-23, to capture and dispose it off this potential gas at their own cost. HFC-23 is a by- product of a chemical used in refrigerant manufacture and it significantly contributes to green house effect. As the living standards of the people in India are increasing, therefore, people will expand the use of refrigerator and air conditioners and this will emit more HFC into atmosphere. Thus the decision of disposing of HFC -23 is of great significance.

One of the biggest challenge before India is with regards to ‘Make in India’ projects. India should shift to green technologies to remain themselves competent in global markets. Therefore, India should switch to other sources of HFCs, sooner than the anticipated period. Besides this, India can become more attractive in global markets with the reduced cost of green technology. This changeover, however, will have a long term positive impact on the nation. Apart from this, the Kigali agreement will provide a mechanism for accessing and developing technologies that leave a low carbon foot print.

Also read :Analysis of India’s air pollution problem

Along with these, financial aids coupled with technological aids from the rich countries, for the achievement of green technology in industries, will enable India to explore more in natural resources.

Indian government scheme

SNGovt SchemesDetails1

Make in India

It was Launched on 25th September 2014To make India a manufacturing hub.Make in India is an initiative of the Government of India to encourage multinational, as well as domestic, companies to manufacture their products in India.The major objective behind the initiative is to focus on job creation and skill enhancement in twenty-five sectors of the economy2

Digital India

Launched on 1st July 2015To transform India’s economyDigital India has three core components.

These include:

The creation of digital infrastructureDelivering services digitallyDigital literacy

Indian Government Schemes pdf

3

Skill India

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016

 Launched on 15th July 2015)To create jobs for youth of the CountrySkill Development in YouthMaking Skill available to All Youth of India4

Smart Cities

Launched on 29th April 2015In first Government of india Will Develop 100 Smart cities in IndiaUnder this Scheme Cities from all States Are Selected5

Unearthen Black Money

 Bill Passed on 14th May 2015Disclosing Black MoneyPunishment for The Black Money holders6

Namami Gange

 Namami Gange Project or Namami Ganga Yojana is an ambitious Union Government Project which integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga river in a comprehensive manner.It its maiden budget, the government announced Rs. 2037 Crore towards this mission.The project is officially known as Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission project or ‘Namami Ganga Yojana’.This project aims at Ganga Rejuvenation by combining the existing ongoing efforts and planning under it to create a concrete action plan for future.7

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Launched on 2nd October 2014)To have clean India by 2nd October 2019Eliminate open defecation by constructing toilets for households, communitiesEradicate manual scavengingIntroduce modern and scientific municipal solid waste management practicesEnable private sector participation in the sanitation sectorChange people’s attitudes to sanitation and create awareness8

Swadesh Darshan

 Integrated Development of Theme Based Buddhist tourist circuit –Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016

Under Swadesh Darshan, the following five circuits have been identified for development:-

North East CircuitBuddhist CircuitHimalayan CircuitCoastal CircuitKrishna Circuit

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016 – Indian govt yojana

9

Sukanya Samridhi Account

 Launched on 22nd January 2015The scheme was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22 January 2015 as a part of the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao campaign.The scheme currently provides an interest rate of 9.2% and tax benefits.The account can be opened at any India Post office or a branch of some authorised commercial banks10

Bal swachta mission

 Launched on 14th November 2014)Awareness about the cleanliness of the childrenBal Swachhta Mission Was Launched on 14 November 2014 on The Birth Anniversary of Late Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru .On this Day We celebrate – National Bal Diwas

The six main themes chosen for the Bal Swachhta Mission are,

Clean school and anganwadisTo Clean surroundings like playgroundsClean self (personal hygiene/ child health)Clean foodTo Clean drinking waterClean toilets.

11

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016 – Indian govt yojana

Launched on 28th August 2014 )12

Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana

Launched on 9th May 2015Eligibility: Available to people in age group 18 to 70 years with bank account.Premium: Rs.12 per annum.Payment Mode: The premium will be directly auto-debited by the bank from the subscribers account. This is the only mode available.Risk Coverage: For accidental death and full disability – Rs.2 Lakh and for partial disability – Rs.1 Lakh.Eligibility: Any person having a bank account and Aadhaar number linked to the bank account can give a simple form to the bank every year before 1 of June in order to join the scheme. Name of nominee to be given in the form.13

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016 – Indian govt yojana

It was Launched on 22nd January 2015Main aim -To generate awareness of welfare service meants for girl child and women.( Full Article Available – Govt Schemes Category On Studydhaba.com)14

Atal Pension Scheme

Atal Pension yojana was Launched on 9th May 2015It was Launched for unorganised sector ‘s workers( Full Article Available – Govt Schemes Category On Studydhaba.com)15

HRIDAY (National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana) scheme

This scheme is focused on preserving and revitalising the unique character of heritage cities in India

12 cities have been identified by the Ministry of Urban Development in the first phase:

Amaravati(Andhra Pradesh);Gaya (Bihar);Dwarka (Gujarat),Badami(Karnataka);Puri (Odisha),Amritsar (Punjab);Ajmer(Rajasthan);Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu);Vellankani(Tamil Nadu);Warangal (Telangana);Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh); andMathura (Uttar Pradesh).

HRIDAY aims to bring together the following elements:

Urban PlanningEconomic GrowthHeritage Conservation

Focus of HRIDAY is on:

CleanlinessLivelihoodSkillsSafetySecurityAccessibility

( Full Article Available – Govt Schemes Category On Studydhaba.com)

16

Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

It was Launched on 9th May 2015 Life insurance scheme by GovernmentEligibility: Available to people in the age group of 18 to 50 and having a bank account. People who join the scheme before completing 50 years can, however, continue to have the risk of life cover up to the age of 55 years subject to payment of premium.Premium: Rs.330 per annum. It will be auto debited in one instalment.Payment Mode: The payment of premium will be directly auto-debited by the bank from the subscribers account.Risk Coverage: Rs.2 Lakh in case of death for any reason. Terms of RiskCoverage: A person has to opt for the scheme every year. He can also prefer to give a long-term option of continuing, in which case his account will be auto-debited every year by the bank.Who will implement this Scheme?: The scheme will be offered by Life Insurance Corporation and all other life insurers who are willing to join the scheme and tie-up with banks for this purpose.17

MUDRA Bank Yojana

It was Launched on 8th April 2015 Main objective is to provide loan to small businesses( Full Article Available – Govt Schemes Category On Studydhaba.com)18

Krishi Amdani Bima Yojana

To give an impetus to the dying agricultural practiceThere is 14 crore hectares of agricultural land in India, of which only 44 per cent in under irrigationPradhan Mantri Gram Sinchai Yojana would be introduced so that more agricultural land is irrigated.Talking about the plight of small and marginal farmers he said that most of them were leaving the agricultural practice because of the uncertainty over the produce and returns.Krishi Amdani Beema Yojana so that the farmers don’t bear any financial burden if their produce gets destroyed due to unexpected weather or for any other reason19

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sinchai Yojana

To provide water to all field in the Country.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated amalgamating ongoing schemes viz.

Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of Ministry of Water Resources,River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation;Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources;On Farm Water Management (OFWM) component of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation.20

Pradhan Mantri Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana

The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana was launched last week, for the development of model villages.  Under the Yojana, Members of Parliament (MPs) will be responsible for developing the socio-economic and physical infrastructure of three villages each by 2019, and a total of eight villages each by 2024.

The first Adarsh Gram must be developed by 2016, and two more by 2019.  From 2019 to 2024, five more Adarsh Grams must be developed by each MP, one each year.  This implies that a total of 6,433 Adarsh Grams, of the 2,65,000 gram panchayats, will be created by 2024. Key features of the Yojana are outlined below.

Objectives

Key objectives of the Yojana include:

The development of model villages, called Adarsh Grams, through the implementation of existing schemes, and certain new initiatives to be designed for the local context, which may vary from village to village.Creating models of local development which can be replicated in other villages.

Identification of villages

MPs can select any gram panchayat, other than their own village or that of their spouse, to be developed as an Adarsh Gram.  The village must have a population of 3000-5000 people if it is located in the plains, or 1000-3000 people if located in hilly areas.Lok Sabha MPs can choose a village from their constituency, and Rajya Sabha MPs from the state from which they are elected.Nominated members can choose a village from any district of the country.  MPs which represent urban constituencies can identify a village from a neighbouring rural constituency.

Funding

No new funds have been allocated for the Yojana.  Resources may be raised through:

Funds from existing schemes, such as the Indira Awas Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, and Backward Regions Grant Fund, etc.,The Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS),The gram panchayat’s own revenue,Central and State Finance Commission Grants, andCorporate Social Responsibility funds.21

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

 According to Census 2011, India has 55 million potential workers between the ages of 15 and 35 years in rural areas.At the same time, the world is expected to face a shortage of 57 million workers by 2020.This presents a historic opportunity for India to transform its demographic surplus into a demographic dividend.The Ministry of Rural Development implements DDU-GKY to drive this national agenda for inclusive growth, by developing skills and productive capacity of the rural youth from poor families.

Features of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

Enable Poor and Marginalized to Access BenefitsInclusive Program Design – Mandatory coverage of socially disadvantaged groups (SC/ST 50%; Minority 15%; Women 33%)Shifting Emphasis from Training to Career Progression – Pioneers in providing incentives for job retention, career progression and foreign placementsGreater Support for Placed Candidates – Post-placement support, migration support and alumni networkProactive Approach to Build Placement Partnerships – Guaranteed Placement for at least 75% trained candidatesEnhancing the Capacity of Implementation Partners – Nurturing new training service providers and developing their skills

Regional Focus

Greater emphasis on projects for poor rural youth in Jammu and Kashmir (HIMAYAT),the North-East region and 27 Left-Wing Extremist (LWE) districts (ROSHINI)22

Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana

The Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi will be launching Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) on 25^th July 2015 in Patna. The DDUGJY is one of the flagship programmes of the Ministry of Power and will facilitate 24×7 supply of power.

Benefits from the scheme

All villages and households shall be electrifiedIncrease in agriculture yieldBusiness of Small and household enterprises shall grow resulting into new avenues for employmentImprovement in Health, Education, Banking (ATM) servicesImprovement in accessibility to radio, telephone, television, internet and mobile etcBetterment in social security due to availability of electricityAccessibility of electricity to schools, panchayats, hospitals and police stations etcRural areas shall get increased opportunities for comprehensive development

 

23 – Mahatma Gandhi Pravasi Suraksha Yojana

Mahatma Gandhi Pravasi Suraksha Yojana is a special social security scheme which includes Pension and Life Insurance, introduced by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs for the overseas Indian workers in possession of Emigration Check Required (ECR) passports.It is a voluntary scheme designed to help workers to meet their three financial needs: saving for retirement, saving for their return and resettlement, and providing free life insurance offering coverage for death from natural causes.

24-Indradanush Scheme

Mission Indradhanush was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India on December 25, 2014.The Mission Indradhanush, depicting seven colours of the rainbow, aims to cover all those children by 2020 who are either unvaccinated, or are partially vaccinated against seven vaccine preventable diseases which include diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis B. Govt Schemes In India

25- Soil Health Card Scheme

Soil Health Card Scheme is a scheme launched by the Government of India in February 2015.Under the scheme, the government plans to issue soil cards to farmers which will carry crop-wise recommendations of nutrients and fertilisers required for the individual farms to help farmers to improve productivity through judicious use of inputs.All soil samples are to be tested in various soil testing labs across the country.Thereafter the experts will analyse the strength and weaknesses (micro-nutrients deficiency) of the soil and suggest measures to deal with it.The result and suggestion will be displayed in the cards. The government plans to issue the cards to 14 crore farmers

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016,2017 – Indian govt yojana

26-Rani Laxmi Bai Pension scheme

For victims of Muzazafar nagar riot.

27-Udaan Scheme

To provide skill to youth of India

28-Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission

The Mission aims at development of rural growth clusters which have latent potential for growth, in all States and UTs, which would trigger overall development in the region.These clusters would be developed by provisioning of economic activities, developing skills & local entrepreneurship and providing infrastructure amenities.The Rurban Mission will thus develop a cluster of Smart Villages.

29-AMRUT

The purpose of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is to(i) ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection;(ii) increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (parks); and(iii) reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and cycling)

30-PRASAD

Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation-To improve the infrastructure at pilgrimage places.Under PRASAD, initially twelve cities have been identified namely Ajmer, Amritsar, Amravati, Dwarka, Gaya, Kedarnath, Kamakhaya, Kanchipuram, Mathura, Puri, Varanasi and Velankanni.Both of these Prasad and Swadesh Darshan Schemes Were launched together to promote tourism and Develop cultural places

31-Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

The Union Cabinet has approved Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima YojanaIt is a new crop insurance scheme to boost farming sector in the country.It is farmers’ welfare schemeThe Scheme aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop Insurance claim for the full insured sum.

32-Atal innovation Mission 

The Union Cabinet as given its approval for establishment of Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and Self Employment and Talent Utilisation (SETU) in NITI Aayog.This move seeks to give substantial boost to the innovation ecosystem and to catalyse the entrepreneurial spirit in the country.AIM and AIM Directorate will be established that will help in implementation of mission activities in a focussed manner. Its headquarters will be in New Delhi.NITI Aayog will hire Mission Director and other appropriate manpower. Mission High Level Committee (MHLC) will guide the Mission.It will take all decisions related to approval of requisite guidelines and implementation of various elements of AIM and SETU. Govt Schemes In India

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016,2017 – Indian govt yojana

33- National RU URBAN Mission

This Is The Latest Scheme Launched By PM Narendra Modi National RU URBAN Mission Was Launched In ChhattisgarhThe mission also dubbed as Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban mission (SPMRM) aims to spur social, economic and infrastructure development in rural areas by developing a cluster of 300 Smart Villages over the next 3 years across the country

34-Pradhan mantri Fasal Bima yojana

The Union Cabinet has approved Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, a new crop insurance scheme to boost farming sector in the country.It is farmers’ welfare scheme that aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop assurance claim for the full insured sum.

35-Stand up India scheme

The Stand up India Scheme is being launched to promote entrepreneurship among people from schedule caste/schedule tribe and woman who will be provided loans starting from Rs 10 lakhs to Rs 100 lakhs.Composite loan between Rs 10 lakh and upto Rs 1 crore will be provided to entrepreneurs for setting up new enterprise.Debit Card (RuPay) for withdrawal of working capital

36-Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan

The ‘Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan’ began on April 14 from Mhow in Madhya Pradesh, on the occasion of 125th birth anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan aims to Improve rural livelihoods and promote rural development Strengthen the Panchayati Raj across the country Increase ‘social harmony’ Create Awareness – information regarding agriculture schemes will be shared Foster farmers’ progress Govt Schemes In India

Key Facts:

Bhimrao Ambedkar’s 125th Birth Anniversary on 14th April 2016 Panchayati Raj Day on 24th April 2016 Mhow, Madhya Pradesh is Dr. Ambedkar’s birthplace.

 

37-PM launches National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme in Kanpur

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently launched National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) during his recent visit to Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.The scheme aims to provide apprenticeship training to over 50 lakh youngsters in order to create more jobs. It has budgetary outlay of Rs 10000 crore.

About National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)

NAPS is implemented by Director General of Training (DGT) under the aegis of Union Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).Under it, Central Government for the first time will provide financial incentives to the employers to engage actively in apprenticeship training.Central Government will also directly share 25% of the total stipend (maximum of 1,500 rupees per month per apprentice) payable to an apprentice with employers.In addition, it will support basic training which is considered an essential component of apprenticeship training.The Central Government will bear the 50% of the total expenditure incurred on providing basic training to an apprentice. All transactions including registration by employers, apprentices, registration of contract and payment to employers will be made in online mode.

Indian Government Schemes pdf 2015,2016,2017 – Indian govt yojana

38-AYUSH Ministry launches Swasthya Raksha Programme

The Union AYUSH Ministry has launched ‘Swasthya Raksha Programme’ to promote health and health education in villages.The programme was initiated through Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) and Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS).It was launched by AYUSH Ministry in October 2015.

Aims and objectives of Swasthya Raksha Programme

Organize Swasthya Parikshan Camps, Swasthya Rakshan OPDs and Health and Hygiene awareness programme Create awareness about cleanliness of domestic surroundings and environment.Provide medical aid and incidental support in the adopted villages and colonies.Document demographic information, hygiene conditions, food habits, seasons, lifestyle etc., incidence and prevalence of disease and their relation to the incidence of disease.Assess health status and propagation of Ayurvedic concept of pathya-apathya and extension of health care services.

39-Lucky Grahak Yojana, Digi Dhan Vyapar Yojana to promote digital payments

Lucky Grahak Yojana, Digi Dhan Vyapar Yojana to promote digital payments -The Union Government has launched Lucky Grahak Yojana to encourage consumers and Digi Dhan Vyapar Yojana to encourage merchants for transition to digital payments.These award based schemes were launched by the NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog, government’s policy think-tank.https://www.studydhaba.com/lucky-grahak-yojana/

40-Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana

It was launched after inauguration of 14th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention at India’s IT hub Bengaluru, Karnataka.Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Costa was the Chief Guest of the event.

Key Facts

PKVY will provide training and certify Indians who are seeking overseas employment in selected sectors that have high demand in the global labour market in line with international standards.It will be implemented by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) through its training partners and in consultation with the Union Ministry of External Affairs and the Union Skill Development Ministry.It also aims at boosting the confidence of the Indian youth so that they don’t feel like strangers when they land in a country of their choice for vocation.For this purpose, NSDC will leverage various MoUs it signed between 2011 and 2015 with different agencies of Germany, Canada, Australia, Singapore, UK, US, European Union, France, Iran and China.

41- Government launches SAATHIYA Resource Kit and SAATHIYA SALAH mobile app for adolescents

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched SAATHIYA Resource Kit and SAATHIYA SALAH mobile app for adolescents as part of the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) programme.The kit and app will help Peer Educators (Saathiyas) who are introduced under the RKSK programme.The Saathiyas act as catalyst for generating demand for adolescent health services and also impart age appropriate knowledge on key adolescent health issues to their peer groups.The Resource Kit has been developed by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and Population Foundation of India (PFI).The kit comprises i) Activity Book, ii) Bhranti-Kranti Game iii) Question-Answer Book and iv) Peer Educator Diary.It has been designed to present the Peer Educators with key information on adolescent health, which would then enable them to communicate the same and help the adolescents at the grass root/village level’.In addition, the mobile app ‘Saathiya Salah’ acts as cost-effective information platform for the adolescents. It also has feature of toll-free Saathiya Helpline which will act as an e-counselor.

Indian Demographic profile 2017

India Demographics Profile 2017

Population 1,266,883,598 (July 2016 est.)
Age structure 0-14 years: 27.71% (male 186,420,229/female 164,611,755)
15-24 years: 17.99% (male 121,009,850/female 106,916,692)
25-54 years: 40.91% (male 267,203,029/female 251,070,105)
55-64 years: 7.3% (male 46,398,574/female 46,105,489)
65 years and over: 6.09% (male 36,549,003/female 40,598,872) (2016 est.)
Dependency ratios total dependency ratio: 52.4
youth dependency ratio: 43.9
elderly dependency ratio: 8.6
potential support ratio: 11.7 (2015 est.)
Median age total: 27.6 years
male: 26.9 years
female: 28.3 years (2016 est.)
Population growth rate 1.19% (2016 est.)
Birth rate 19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Death rate 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Urbanization urban population: 32.7% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 2.38% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major cities - population NEW DELHI (capital) 25.703 million; Mumbai 21.043 million; Kolkata 11.766 million; Bangalore 10.087 million; Chennai 9.62 million; Hyderabad 8.944 million (2015)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
Infant mortality rate total: 40.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 39.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
Life expectancy at birth total population: 68.5 years
male: 67.3 years
female: 69.8 years (2016 est.)
Total fertility rate 2.45 children born/woman (2016 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate 54.8% (2007/08)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate 0.26% (2013 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS 2,118,100 (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths 67,600 (2015 est.)
Drinking water source improved:
urban: 97.1% of population
rural: 92.6% of population
total: 94.1% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2.9% of population
rural: 7.4% of population
total: 5.9% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access improved:
urban: 62.6% of population
rural: 28.5% of population
total: 39.6% of population
unimproved:
urban: 37.4% of population
rural: 71.5% of population
total: 60.4% of population (2015 est.)
Major infectious diseases degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2016)
Nationality noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian
Ethnic groups Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Religions Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)
Languages Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%
note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken language and primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2001 census)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 71.2%
male: 81.3%
female: 60.6% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 12 years (2014)
Education expenditures 3.8% of GDP (2013)
Maternal mortality rate 174 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
Health expenditures 4.7% of GDP (2014)
Physicians density 0.73 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
Hospital bed density 0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate

The lok sabha passes indian institute of information Technology-Public Private Partnership(IIIT-PPP) Bill 2017

The Lok Sabha passed the Indian Institute of Information Technology Public Private Partnership (IIIT-PPP) Bill, 2017 to allow 15 IIITs established on a PPP model to grant degrees and get statutory status.

The bill also seeks to grant institute of national importance status to IIITs on the lines of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs).

Background

The Union Government had initiated the opening of 20 IIITs with private partnership of which 15 are already operational. These engineering and tech schools were established at a cost of Rs. 128 crore each. The centre had contributed 50% of the amount, states 35% and private partners remaining 15% (i.e. 50:35:15 ratio). However, these institutes were not been eligible to grant degrees.

Salient Features of the Bill

Definition of PPP: The bill define PPP as a partnership under a scheme of the centre for establishment of institutes through collaboration between the centre, the state government and industry partners such as individuals, trusts, companies or societies.

Establishment of an institute: State government will identify at least one industry partner for collaboration to establish an institute and submit a proposal to the centre. The centre will examine the proposal based on certain criterias. The centre may reject or accept the proposal with modifications. Upon such acceptance, the centre will enter into a MoU with the concerned state government and industry partners to establish proposed institute.

Role of the industry partner: It will have powers for co-creating programs as per the requirements of the industry; actively participating in the governance of the institutes; and funding and mentoring startups in the institutions.

Board of Governors: It will be the principal policy making and executive body of the institute. The Board of each institute will comprise upto 15 members including Chairman nominated on the recommendation of the centre.

Senate: It will be the principal academic body of each institute. It will specify the criteria and procedure for admission to courses of study; recommend to the Board, creation of teaching and other academic posts; and specify academic content of programmes and courses of study.

Coordination Forum: It will deliberate on matters of common interest to all the institutes. It will advise the centre to include or exclude an institution from the schedule of the Bill.

Funds of the institute:  Each institute will maintain a fund consisting of funds from the government and other sources including grants, fees and donations. Further, each institute will create corpus fund of the net income of the institute and donations for its long term sustainability.

The lok sabha passes indian institute of information Technology-Public Private Partnership(IIIT-PPP) Bill 2017

The Lok Sabha passed the Indian Institute of Information Technology Public Private Partnership (IIIT-PPP) Bill, 2017 to allow 15 IIITs established on a PPP model to grant degrees and get statutory status.

The bill also seeks to grant institute of national importance status to IIITs on the lines of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs).

Background

The Union Government had initiated the opening of 20 IIITs with private partnership of which 15 are already operational. These engineering and tech schools were established at a cost of Rs. 128 crore each. The centre had contributed 50% of the amount, states 35% and private partners remaining 15% (i.e. 50:35:15 ratio). However, these institutes were not been eligible to grant degrees.

Salient Features of the Bill

Definition of PPP: The bill define PPP as a partnership under a scheme of the centre for establishment of institutes through collaboration between the centre, the state government and industry partners such as individuals, trusts, companies or societies.

Establishment of an institute: State government will identify at least one industry partner for collaboration to establish an institute and submit a proposal to the centre. The centre will examine the proposal based on certain criterias. The centre may reject or accept the proposal with modifications. Upon such acceptance, the centre will enter into a MoU with the concerned state government and industry partners to establish proposed institute.

Role of the industry partner: It will have powers for co-creating programs as per the requirements of the industry; actively participating in the governance of the institutes; and funding and mentoring startups in the institutions.

Board of Governors: It will be the principal policy making and executive body of the institute. The Board of each institute will comprise upto 15 members including Chairman nominated on the recommendation of the centre.

Senate: It will be the principal academic body of each institute. It will specify the criteria and procedure for admission to courses of study; recommend to the Board, creation of teaching and other academic posts; and specify academic content of programmes and courses of study.

Coordination Forum: It will deliberate on matters of common interest to all the institutes. It will advise the centre to include or exclude an institution from the schedule of the Bill.

Funds of the institute:  Each institute will maintain a fund consisting of funds from the government and other sources including grants, fees and donations. Further, each institute will create corpus fund of the net income of the institute and donations for its long term sustainability.

The lok sabha passes indian institute of information Technology-Public Private Partnership(IIIT-PPP) Bill 2017

The Lok Sabha passed the Indian Institute of Information Technology Public Private Partnership (IIIT-PPP) Bill, 2017 to allow 15 IIITs established on a PPP model to grant degrees and get statutory status.

The bill also seeks to grant institute of national importance status to IIITs on the lines of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs).

Background

The Union Government had initiated the opening of 20 IIITs with private partnership of which 15 are already operational. These engineering and tech schools were established at a cost of Rs. 128 crore each. The centre had contributed 50% of the amount, states 35% and private partners remaining 15% (i.e. 50:35:15 ratio). However, these institutes were not been eligible to grant degrees.

Salient Features of the Bill

Definition of PPP: The bill define PPP as a partnership under a scheme of the centre for establishment of institutes through collaboration between the centre, the state government and industry partners such as individuals, trusts, companies or societies.

Establishment of an institute: State government will identify at least one industry partner for collaboration to establish an institute and submit a proposal to the centre. The centre will examine the proposal based on certain criterias. The centre may reject or accept the proposal with modifications. Upon such acceptance, the centre will enter into a MoU with the concerned state government and industry partners to establish proposed institute.

Role of the industry partner: It will have powers for co-creating programs as per the requirements of the industry; actively participating in the governance of the institutes; and funding and mentoring startups in the institutions.

Board of Governors: It will be the principal policy making and executive body of the institute. The Board of each institute will comprise upto 15 members including Chairman nominated on the recommendation of the centre.

Senate: It will be the principal academic body of each institute. It will specify the criteria and procedure for admission to courses of study; recommend to the Board, creation of teaching and other academic posts; and specify academic content of programmes and courses of study.

Coordination Forum: It will deliberate on matters of common interest to all the institutes. It will advise the centre to include or exclude an institution from the schedule of the Bill.

Funds of the institute:  Each institute will maintain a fund consisting of funds from the government and other sources including grants, fees and donations. Further, each institute will create corpus fund of the net income of the institute and donations for its long term sustainability.

ಭೀಮನ ಅಮವಾಸ್ಯೆಯ ಮಹತ್ವ

♦ಭೀಮನ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆ ವ್ರತದ ಮಹತ್ವ♦

🍃ಪತಿಗೆ ಆಯಸ್ಸು ಆರೋಗ್ಯ, ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ನೀಡಲೆಂದು ಬೇಡಿಕೊಂಡು ದೀರ್ಘಕಾಲ ಸುಮಂಗಲಿಯಾಗಿರುವಂತೆ ಹರಸಲು ಬೇಡುವ ಹಬ್ಬವೇ ಭೀಮನ ಅಮವಾಸ್ಯೆ, ಅವಿವಾಹಿತ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ತಮಗೆ ಭೀಮನಂತೆ ಇರುವ ಗಂಡ ಸಿಗಲೆಂದು ಶಿವನನ್ನು ಪೂಜಿಸುವ ಹಬ್ಬವೇ ಭೀಮನ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆ. ಆಷಾಢದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಶುಭಕಾರ್ಯ ಮಾಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲವಾದರೂ, ಆಷಾಢದ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆಯ ದಿನ ಜ್ಯೋತಿರ್ಭೀಮೇಶ್ವರ ವ್ರತವನ್ನು ಆಚರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಪತಿ ಸಂಜೀವಿನಿ ವ್ರತ ಎಂದೂ  ಕೂಡ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಭೀಮನ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆ ಎಂದು ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಒಮ್ಮೆ ವ್ರತ ಕೈಗೊಂಡರೆ ಐದು, ಒಂಭತ್ತು ಅಥವಾ ಹದಿನಾರು ವರ್ಷ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸಿ ಉದ್ಯಾಪನೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಸಿಹಿಯೂಟ ಹಾಕಿಸಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಹಿಂದೂ ಪುರಾಣಗಳು ಹೇಳುತ್ತವೆ. ಆಷಾಢದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಂಡನ ಸಂಗ ತೊರೆದು ತವರಿನ ಗೂಡು ಸೇರಿಕೊಂಡ ಹೆಂಗಳೆಯರು ಗಂಡನ ಪಾದಕ್ಕೆರಗಿ ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು ವಾಡಿಕೆ.

ಭೀಮನ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ:

ಆಸೆ ಬುರುಕ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣನೊಬ್ಬ ರಾಜಕುಮಾರನ ಶವದೊಂದಿಗೆ ತನ್ನ ಮಗಳ ಮದುವೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿ ಬಿಡುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಸುರಿಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಮಳೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶವವನ್ನೂ ಹಾಗೂ ವಧುವನ್ನೂ ರಾಜ ಪರಿವರದವರೂ ನದಿ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ  ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಶವದ ಮುಂದೆ ಕುಳಿತು ರೋಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ  ಆ ವಧು, ಮರಳಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿವಲಿಂಗ ಮಾಡಿ ಪೂಜಿಸುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ಅವಳ ಭಕ್ತಿಗೆ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿದ ಶಿವಪಾರ್ವತಿಯರು ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾಗಿ ರಾಜಕುಮಾರನಿಗೆ ಜೀವದಾನ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅಮವಾಸ್ಯೆಯ ದಿನ ತನ್ನ ಪತಿಯನ್ನು ಬದುಕಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ನಡೆಸಿದ ಪೂಜೆಯೇ ಜ್ಯೋತಿರ್ಭಿಮೇಶ್ವರ ವ್ರತ ಎಂಬ ಐತಿಹ್ಯವಿದೆ. 

ಭೀಮನ ಅಮವಾಸ್ಯೆ ವ್ರತಾಚಾರಣೆಯ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಐತಿಹ್ಯ ಇದೆ. ಕುಂಡಿನಿ ಪಟ್ಟಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಪತಿಭಕ್ತಳೂ, ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞಳೂ, ನಿರ್ಮಲ ಮನದವಳೂ ಆದ ಚಾರುಮತಿ ಎಂಬ ಸಾಧ್ವಿ ಇರುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ಈ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣ ಸಾಧ್ವಿಗೆ ಮಹಾಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ ಕನಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ತನ್ನನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಪ್ರಕಾರವಾಗಿ ಪೂಜಿಸಲು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ಅದರಂತೆ ಚಾರುಮತಿ ಮಂಗಳಸ್ನಾನ ಮಾಡಿ, ಅಕ್ಕಿಯಿಂದ ಪರಿವೃತವಾದ ಕಲಶದಲ್ಲಿ ವರಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿಯನ್ನು ಆವಾಹನೆ ಮಾಡಿ, ಕಲ್ಪೋಕ್ತ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಸಂಧ್ಯಾಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಚಿಸಿ, ಬಲಗೈಗೆ ದಾರ ಕಟ್ಟಿಕೊಂಡು ತುಪ್ಪದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಭಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣರಿಗೆ ನಿವೇದಿಸಿ, ಸುಹಾಸಿನಿಯರಿಗೆ ದಕ್ಷಿಣೆ ಸಹಿತ ತಾಂಬೂಲ ನೀಡಿ ವ್ರತವಾಚರಿಸುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ಇದರ ಫಲವಾಗಿ ಅವಳು ಸಕಲ ಸೌಭಾಗ್ಯ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ಈ ಪ್ರಕಾರವಾಗಿ ಭೀಮನ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆಯ ದಿನ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸುಮಂಗಲಿಯರು ಮಂಗಳಸ್ನಾನ ಮಾಡಿ, ಮಂಟಪ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿ, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಧಾನ್ಯರಾಶಿ ಮಾಡಿ, ಅದರ ಮೇಲೆ ದೀಪವನ್ನಿಟ್ಟು, ಗೋಧಿಹಿಟ್ಟಿನಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿದ ಭಕ್ಷ್ಯವನ್ನು ನೈವೇದ್ಯ ಮಾಡಿ ಈಶ್ವರನನ್ನು ಆರಾಧಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಹೊಸಿಲ ಮೇಲೆ ಭಂಡಾರ ಇಟ್ಟು ಸೋದರರಿಂದ ಒಡೆಸುವ ಪದ್ಧತಿಯೂ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಸ್ಥ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣರ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದೆ.

ಪೂಜಾ ವಿಧಾನ

ಈ ವ್ರತವನ್ನು ಆಷಾಢ ಮಾಸದ ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪಕ್ಷದ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆ ದಿನ ಆಚರಿಸಬೇಕು. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಮದುವೆಯಾದ ನಂತರ ಒಂಭತ್ತು ವರ್ಷ ಈ ವ್ರತ ಮಾಡುವ ಪದ್ಧತಿ ಇದೆ. ಒಂದು ತಟ್ಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಧಾನ್ಯ ರಾಶಿ ಹಾಕಿ , ಅದರ ಮೇಲೆ 2 ದೀಪದ ಕಂಭ ಇಡಬೇಕು. ತುಪ್ಪ ಹಾಕಿ ದೀಪ ಹಚ್ಚಬೇಕು . ಈ ದೀಪಸ್ತಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಈಶ್ವರ ಪಾರ್ವತಿಯನ್ನು ಆವಾಹನೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು . ಸಾಮನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವ ಪೂಜಾ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ, 9 ಗಂಟಿನ ಗೌರಿ ದಾರ ಇಟ್ಟು ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು, ಪೂಜೆ ನಂತರ ಕೈಗೆ ಕಟ್ಟಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು. ಮೊದಲು ಗಣಪತಿ ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡಿ ನಂತರ ಭೀಮೆಶ್ವರನ ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು .ಜೊತಗೆ ಗಣೇಶ ಅಷ್ಟೋತ್ತರ , ಶಿವ ಅಷ್ಟೋತ್ತರ ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಳಿಕೊಂಡು ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು.

ಹೀಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿ ವರ್ಷ ಪೂಜೆ ಮಾಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಖ, ಸಂತೋಷ ನೆಮ್ಮದಿ ದೊರೆತು ಆಯುಷ್ಯ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವೃದ್ಧಿಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಿದೆ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಪ್ರತಿ ವರ್ಷ ಭೀಮನ ಅಮಾವಾಸ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ರತಾಚರಣೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ.

National and state flag issues in india

        Topic:  Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure,

4) Is the setting up of a panel to study the demand for an official state flag ‘against the nation’ and unconstitutional? Critically examine. (200 Words)

The Indian Express

Introduction-

The Indian National Flag represents the hopes and aspirations of the people of India. It is the symbol of our national pride. Over the last five decades, several people including members of armed forces have ungrudgingly laid down their lives to keep the tricolor flying in its full glory. There is universal affection and respect for, and loyalty to the National Flag.

Historical Significance

The Constituent Assembly realised the importance of the Flag proposed to be adopted for Independent India. The Constituent Assembly, therefore, set up an Ad Hoc Flag Committee, headed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, to design the flag for free India. Other members of the Committee were Abul Kalam Azad, K.M. Panikar, Sarojini Naidu, C.Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

The Flag Committee was constituted on June 23, 1947. It was decided that the Flag of the Indian National Congress should be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, to make it acceptable to all parties and communities.

Debate on State flags:

As per the article 1 of Indian constitution, the states are not allowed to break away from the Federation of India and the Indian republic is not the result of agreement among the constituent states. This shows the type of federation where in the central government has upper hand and thus acts as a main center for overall functioning of polity. The National flag is the legacy of Indian freedom struggle and in the contemporary era of competitive federalism, the demand of separate state flag needs mature public discourse. The establishment of panel to study demand of state flag is completely constitutional and to not invalids any statutory provision of Country.

    A) State flag can be allowed:

    The state flag can be the representation of regional culture, aspirations and local representation. Allowing display of state flag can be an innovative way to have expression of regional aspirations at national level.
    The question arises that, if the state can declare its state animal, State plant and flower, the permission can also be given to have a State flag.
    There has no mention of provision in constitution of India, that the state has restrictions to display its flag. Thus even if any state adopts and displays any flag as a state flag, it is not unconstitutional.

    B) State flag must not be allowed:

    India does not have any specific history of state flags and thus the demand of such flag must be of recent origin. It has been observed that, the recent demands are highly separatist in nature and affect the internal security of the country.
    The state flag which displays regional aspirations that goes against unity and integrity of the country must not be allowed.
    The display of flag by one state may create a chain-link that can lead to more state opting for this course of action.

The important precondition to have the state flag is to keep it subordinate to National flag. The presence of State flag must not create any kind of compromise on the honour and respect of national flag.

Government steps to maintain Honour of National flag:

While bringing out the Flag Code of India, 2002 the Government has also ensured that the unrestricted display of the National Flag is consistent with the honour and dignity of the National Flag. Hoisting and use (including misuse and insult) of the National Flag is regulated by the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971; and Flag Code – India. Flag Code of India, 2002 is an attempt to bring together all such laws, conventions, practices and instructions for the guidance and benefit of all concerned.

ಮೋಬೈಲ್ ಆಪರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ ವರ್ಷನ್

*✨⚡🌟⭐💫🌙💥🌙💫⭐🌟⚡✨
🌸🌸==List of Mobile Operating Systems==🌸🌸
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🌤🌤Blackberry OS==>Released by RIM (Research In Motion) in 1999 for its Blackberry Smartphones.==>BlackBerry 10
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🌤🌤Apple iOS==>iOS was released in 2007 by AppleiOS 10
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🌤🌤Android OS==>Released by Google in 2008==>7.1.2 “Nougat”‎
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🌤🌤Windows OS==>Released by Microsoft==>Windows 10
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🌤🌤Sailfish OS==>Developed by Jolla==>2.1.0.11 (Iijoki)
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🌤🌤Tizen==>Released in 2012==>3.0
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🌤🌤Symbian OS==>Developed by Nokia in 2000 and discontinued in 2013,First modern mobile OS on a smartphone==>Discontinued
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🌤🌤Motion eXperience Interface (MXI) OS==>Developed by Wireless solutions company RADIXS in 2014,World’s first universal mobile operating system.==>Discontinued

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🌤🌤Bada==>Developed by Samsung Electronics==>Discontinued
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🌤🌤Palm OS (Garnet OS)==>developed by Palm in 1996 especially for Personal Digital Assistance (PDA).==>Discontinued
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🌤🌤Open Web OS==>developed by Palm but after some years it became the property of Hewlett Packard==>Discontinued
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🌤🌤MeeGo==>Released in 2010. A mobile operating system that combined Moblin and Maemo OS==>Discontinued
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🌤🌤Firefox OS==>Released in 2013 by Mozilla==>Discontinued
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🌤🌤Ubuntu Touch==>Released in 2011. Mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system==>Discontinued recently on 5 April 2017
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✨⚡🌟⭐💫🌙💥🌙💫⭐🌟⚡✨*