Indo-Nepal relations:
Significance:-
1. 1800km of porus border.
2. Acts as a buffer State between India and China.
3. Historical, cultural and ethnic ties.
4. Hydro electric cooperation and enery security.
5. Internal security. (Debatable)
Irritants/ Challenges:-
1. China factor- BRI, Railway line, alternate internet access, Sagarmala military exercise.
2. Post constitutional troubles (alleged blockage in Madheshi areas) and India's faliure to contain the perception of India meddling in internal affairs of a sovereign nation.
3. Delays in various project competition such as Karnali and Arun-3 etc.
4. Kosi river barrages leading to flood in Nepal.
5. Emergence of China inclined left parties with majority in Provincial elections.
Confidence Building Measures by India:-
1. Reconstruction aid post earthquake.
2. MoU on construction of bridge over river Mechi.
3. Push for early completion of pending projects in Nepal.
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